Pandas知识总结
基础知识
pandas概览
Pandas 适用于处理以下类型的数据：
与 SQL 或 Excel 表类似的，含异构列的表格数据;
有序和无序（非固定频率）的时间序列数据;
带行列标签的矩阵数据，包括同构或异构型数据;
任意其它形式的观测、统计数据集, 数据转入 Pandas 数据结构时不必事先标记。
Pandas 的主要数据结构是 Series
（一维数据）与 DataFrame （二维数据），这两种数据结构足以处理金融、统计、社会科学、工程等领域里的大多数典型用例。对于 R 用户，DataFrame 提供了比 R 语言 data.frame 更丰富的功能。Pandas 基于 NumPy 开发，可以与其它第三方科学计算支持库完美集成。
数据结构
| 维数 | 名称 | 描述 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Series | 带标签的一维同构数组 |
| 2 | DataFrame | 带标签的，大小可变的，二维异构表格 |
部分优势
下面仅列出了它的部分优势 ：
处理浮点与非浮点数据里的缺失数据，表示为 NaN；
大小可变：插入或删除 DataFrame 等多维对象的列；
自动、显式数据对齐：显式地将对象与一组标签对齐，也可以忽略标签，在 Series、DataFrame 计算时自动与数据对齐；
强大、灵活的分组（group by）功能：拆分-应用-组合数据集，聚合、转换数据；
把 Python 和 NumPy 数据结构里不规则、不同索引的数据轻松地转换为 DataFrame 对象；
基于智能标签，对大型数据集进行切片、花式索引、子集分解等操作；
直观地合并（merge）、**连接（join）**数据集；
灵活地重塑（reshape）、**透视（pivot）**数据集；
轴支持结构化标签：一个刻度支持多个标签；
成熟的 IO 工具：读取文本文件（CSV 等支持分隔符的文件）、Excel 文件、数据库等来源的数据，利用超快的 HDF5 格式保存 / 加载数据；
时间序列：支持日期范围生成、频率转换、移动窗口统计、移动窗口线性回归、日期位移等时间序列功能。
生成对象
可以通过直接导入数据生成，也可通过字典的方式进行补齐
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>> s=pd.Series([1,2,6,np.nan,44,1]) #直接导入数据
>>> s
0 1.0
1 2.0
2 6.0
3 NaN
4 44.0
5 1.0
dtype: float64
>>> dates=pd.date_range('20200101',periods=6) #用含日期时间索引与标签的 NumPy 数组生成 DataFrame ：
>>>
>>> dates
DatetimeIndex(['2020-01-01', '2020-01-02', '2020-01-03', '2020-01-04',
'2020-01-05', '2020-01-06'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
>>> df=pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6,4),index=dates,columns=['a','b','c','d'])
>>> df
a b c d
2020-01-01 -1.112168 0.778275 -0.193154 -2.434284
2020-01-02 -0.802297 0.545922 -2.122220 0.324204
2020-01-03 0.116364 -0.814124 0.758326 -0.134940
2020-01-04 0.512205 -0.582522 -0.750738 -1.586458
2020-01-05 -0.091266 0.247491 -0.959177 -0.851816
2020-01-06 0.676351 1.216307 -1.722036 -0.295851
>>> df1=pd.DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4)))
>>> df1
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 4 5 6 7
2 8 9 10 11
#通过字典定义
>>> df2=pd.DataFrame({'A':1.,
'B':pd.Timestamp('20200102'),
'C':pd.Series(1,index=list(range(4)),dtype='float32'),
'D':np.array([3]*4,dtype='int32'),
'E':pd.Categorical(["test","train","test","train"]),
'F':'foo'})
>>> df2
A B C D E F
0 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
1 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
2 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
基本属性
>>> df2
A B C D E F
0 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
1 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
2 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
>>> df2.dtypes
A float64
B datetime64[ns]
C float32
D int32
E category
F object
dtype: object
>>> df2.index #行号
Int64Index([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
>>> df2.columns #列号
Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'], dtype='object')
>>> df2.values
array([[1.0, Timestamp('2020-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
[1.0, Timestamp('2020-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo'],
[1.0, Timestamp('2020-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
[1.0, Timestamp('2020-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo']],
dtype=object)
>>> df2.describe() #运算数字的平均数等
A C D
count 4.0 4.0 4.0
mean 1.0 1.0 3.0
std 0.0 0.0 0.0
min 1.0 1.0 3.0
25% 1.0 1.0 3.0
50% 1.0 1.0 3.0
75% 1.0 1.0 3.0
max 1.0 1.0 3.0
>>> df2.T #转置
0 ... 3
A 1 ... 1
B 2020-01-02 00:00:00 ... 2020-01-02 00:00:00
C 1 ... 1
D 3 ... 3
E test ... train
F foo ... foo
[6 rows x 4 columns]
>>> df2.sort_index(axis=1,ascending=False) #降序 以行排序
F E D C B A
0 foo test 3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0
1 foo train 3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0
2 foo test 3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0
3 foo train 3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0
>>> df2.sort_index(axis=0,ascending=False)
A B C D E F
3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
2 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
1 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
0 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
>>> df2.sort_values(by='E') #对里面的值进行排序
A B C D E F
0 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
2 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
1 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
3 1.0 2020-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
选择数据
按标签选择
按位置选择
混合选择
布尔索引
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>>> dates=pd.date_range('20200101',periods=6)
>>> df=pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates,columns=['A','B','C','D'])
>>> df
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 8 9 10 11
2020-01-04 12 13 14 15
2020-01-05 16 17 18 19
2020-01-06 20 21 22 23
>>> print(df['A'])
2020-01-01 0
2020-01-02 4
2020-01-03 8
2020-01-04 12
2020-01-05 16
2020-01-06 20
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: int32
>>> print(df.A)
2020-01-01 0
2020-01-02 4
2020-01-03 8
2020-01-04 12
2020-01-05 16
2020-01-06 20
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: int32
>>> print(df['20200101':'20200104'])
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 8 9 10 11
2020-01-04 12 13 14 15
>>> print(df[0:3])
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 8 9 10 11
#select by label 标签选择 :loc
>>> print(df.loc['20200101'])
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
Name: 2020-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: int32
>>> print(df.loc[:,['A','B']])
A B
2020-01-01 0 1
2020-01-02 4 5
2020-01-03 8 9
2020-01-04 12 13
2020-01-05 16 17
2020-01-06 20 21
>>> print(df.loc['20200101',['A','B']])
A 0
B 1
Name: 2020-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: int32
#select by position 位置选择 ：iloc
>>> print(df.iloc[3]) #第四行数据
A 12
B 13
C 14
D 15
Name: 2020-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: int32
>>> print(df.iloc[3,1])
13
>>> print(df.iloc[3:5,1:3]) #连续筛选
B C
2020-01-04 13 14
2020-01-05 17 18
>>> print(df.iloc[[1,3,5],1:3]) #不连续地筛选
B C
2020-01-02 5 6
2020-01-04 13 14
2020-01-06 21 22
#mixed selection 混合筛选 ：ix
>>>print(df.ix[[1,3,5],['A','C']])
A C
2020-01-02 4 6
2020-01-04 12 14
2020-01-06 20 22
#Boolean indexing
>>> print(df)
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 8 9 10 11
2020-01-04 12 13 14 15
2020-01-05 16 17 18 19
2020-01-06 20 21 22 23
>>> print(df[df.A>8])
A B C D
2020-01-04 12 13 14 15
2020-01-05 16 17 18 19
2020-01-06 20 21 22 23
赋值
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>>> dates=pd.date_range('20200101',periods=6)
>>> df=pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates,columns=['A','B','C','D'])
>>> df
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 8 9 10 11
2020-01-04 12 13 14 15
2020-01-05 16 17 18 19
2020-01-06 20 21 22 23
>>> df.iloc[2,2]=1111
>>> print(df)
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 8 9 1111 11
2020-01-04 12 13 14 15
2020-01-05 16 17 18 19
2020-01-06 20 21 22 23
>>> df[df.A>4]=0
>>> print(df)
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 0 0 0 0
2020-01-04 0 0 0 0
2020-01-05 0 0 0 0
2020-01-06 0 0 0 0
>>> df=pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates,columns=['A','B','C','D'])
>>> df.A[df.A>4]=0 #只对A下的数据进行更改
>>> print(df)
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7
2020-01-03 0 9 10 11
2020-01-04 0 13 14 15
2020-01-05 0 17 18 19
2020-01-06 0 21 22 23
>>> df['F']=np.nan
>>> print(df)
A B C D F
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3 NaN
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7 NaN
2020-01-03 0 9 10 11 NaN
2020-01-04 0 13 14 15 NaN
2020-01-05 0 17 18 19 NaN
2020-01-06 0 21 22 23 NaN
>>> df['E']=pd.Series([1,2,3,4,5,6],index=pd.date_range('20200101',periods=6))
>>> print(df)
A B C D F E
2020-01-01 0 1 2 3 NaN 1
2020-01-02 4 5 6 7 NaN 2
2020-01-03 0 9 10 11 NaN 3
2020-01-04 0 13 14 15 NaN 4
2020-01-05 0 17 18 19 NaN 5
2020-01-06 0 21 22 23 NaN 6
处理丢失数据
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>>> dates=pd.date_range('20200101',periods=6)
>>> df=pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates,columns=['A','B','C','D'])
>>> df.iloc[0,1]=np.nan
>>> df.iloc[1,2]=np.nan
>>> df
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 NaN 2.0 3
2020-01-02 4 5.0 NaN 7
2020-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2020-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2020-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2020-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
#axis=0 丢掉行 axis=1 丢掉列
#how=any 任何一个为0就丢掉 how=all 所有为0才丢掉
>>> print(df.dropna(axis=0,how='any')) #how{'any','all'}
A B C D
2020-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2020-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2020-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2020-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
>>> df=pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates,columns=['A','B','C','D'])
>>> df.iloc[0,1]=np.nan
>>> df.iloc[1,2]=np.nan
>>> print(df.fillna(value=0))
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 0.0 2.0 3
2020-01-02 4 5.0 0.0 7
2020-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2020-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2020-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2020-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
>>> print(df.isnull()) #判断是否有数据丢失
A B C D
2020-01-01 False True False False
2020-01-02 False False True False
2020-01-03 False False False False
2020-01-04 False False False False
2020-01-05 False False False False
2020-01-06 False False False False
>>> df.fillna(value=0) #不会对df造成影响
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 0.0 2.0 3
2020-01-02 4 5.0 0.0 7
2020-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2020-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2020-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2020-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
>>> df
A B C D
2020-01-01 0 NaN 2.0 3
2020-01-02 4 5.0 NaN 7
2020-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2020-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2020-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2020-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
>>> print(np.any(df.isnull())==True) #判断有无数据丢失
True
pandas导入导出数据
Youtube video tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdyjiB5H8Pu7aDTNVXTTpcg
Youku video tutorial: http://i.youku.com/pythontutorial
import pandas as pd
# read from
data = pd.read_csv('student.csv')
print(data)
# save to
data.to_pickle('student.pickle')
concat合并
结合（Concat）
Pandas 提供了多种将 Series、DataFrame 对象组合在一起的功能，用索引与关联代数功能的多种设置逻辑可执行连接（join）与合并（merge）操作。
>>> import pandas as pa
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>> df1=pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*0,columns=['a','b','c','d'])
>>> df2=pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*1,columns=['a','b','c','d'])
>>> df3=pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*2,columns=['a','b','c','d'])
>>> print(df1)
a b c d
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
>>> print(df2)
a b c d
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
>>> print(df3)
a b c d
0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
>>> res=pd.concat([df1,df2,df3],axis=0)
>>> print(res)
a b c d
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
>>> res=pd.concat([df1,df2,df3],axis=0,ignore_index=True)
>>> print(res)
a b c d
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
7 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
>>> df1.iloc[0,1]=np.nan
>>> df2.iloc[1,2]=np.nan
>>> df1
a b c d
1 0.0 NaN 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
>>> df2
a b c d
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
3 1.0 1.0 NaN 1.0
4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
>>> res=pd.concat([df1,df2],join='outer') #'outter'忽略丢失数据,'inner'抛弃丢失数据
>>> print(res)
a b c d
1 0.0 NaN 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
3 1.0 1.0 NaN 1.0
4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
追加 append
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>> df1=pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*0,columns=['a','b','c','d'])
>>> df2=pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*1,columns=['a','b','c','d'])
>>> df1
a b c d
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
>>> df2
a b c d
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
>>> res=df1.append(df2,ignore_index=True)
>>> res
a b c d
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
>>> s1=pd.Series([1,2,3,4],index=['a','b','c','d'])
>>> s1
a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
dtype: int64
>>> res=df1.append(s1,ignore_index=True)
>>> print(res)
a b c d
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
merge()合并
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>
# merging two df by key/keys. (may be used in database)
>>> left=pd.DataFrame({'key':['K0','K1','K2','K3'],
'A':['A0','A1','A2','A3'],
'B':['B0','B1','B2','B3']})
>>> right=pd.DataFrame({'key':['K0','K1','K2','K3'],
'C':['C0','C1','C2','C3'],
'D':['D0','D1','D2','D3']})
>>> left
key A B
0 K0 A0 B0
1 K1 A1 B1
2 K2 A2 B2
3 K3 A3 B3
>>> right
key C D
0 K0 C0 D0
1 K1 C1 D1
2 K2 C2 D2
3 K3 C3 D3
>>> res=pd.merge(left,right,on='key')
>>> print(res)
key A B C D
0 K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
1 K1 A1 B1 C1 D1
2 K2 A2 B2 C2 D2
3 K3 A3 B3 C3 D3
# consider two keys
>>> left = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['K0', 'K0', 'K1', 'K2'],
'key2': ['K0', 'K1', 'K0', 'K1'],
'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3']})
>>> right = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['K0', 'K1', 'K1', 'K2'],
'key2': ['K0', 'K0', 'K0', 'K0'],
'C': ['C0', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3'],
'D': ['D0', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3']})
>>> left
key1 key2 A B
0 K0 K0 A0 B0
1 K0 K1 A1 B1
2 K1 K0 A2 B2
3 K2 K1 A3 B3
>>> right
key1 key2 C D
0 K0 K0 C0 D0
1 K1 K0 C1 D1
2 K1 K0 C2 D2
3 K2 K0 C3 D3
>>> res=pd.merge(left,right,on=['key1','key2']) #默认how=inner
>>> res
key1 key2 A B C D
0 K0 K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
1 K1 K0 A2 B2 C1 D1
2 K1 K0 A2 B2 C2 D2
# how = ['left', 'right', 'outer', 'inner']
>>> res = pd.merge(left, right, on=['key1', 'key2'], how='left')
>>> res
key1 key2 A B C D
0 K0 K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
1 K0 K1 A1 B1 NaN NaN
2 K1 K0 A2 B2 C1 D1
3 K1 K0 A2 B2 C2 D2
4 K2 K1 A3 B3 NaN NaN
# indicator
>>> df1 = pd.DataFrame({'col1':[0,1], 'col_left':['a','b']})
>>> df2 = pd.DataFrame({'col1':[1,2,2],'col_right':[2,2,2]})
>>> df1
col1 col_left
0 0 a
1 1 b
>>> df2
col1 col_right
0 1 2
1 2 2
2 2 2
>>> res = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='col1', how='outer', indicator=True)
>>> res
col1 col_left col_right _merge
0 0 a NaN left_only
1 1 b 2.0 both
2 2 NaN 2.0 right_only
3 2 NaN 2.0 right_only
>>> res = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='col1', how='outer', indicator='indicator_column') #give the indicator a custom name
>>> res
col1 col_left col_right indicator_column
0 0 a NaN left_only
1 1 b 2.0 both
2 2 NaN 2.0 right_only
3 2 NaN 2.0 right_only
# merged by index
>>> left = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2']},
index=['K0', 'K1', 'K2'])
>>> right = pd.DataFrame({'C': ['C0', 'C2', 'C3'],
'D': ['D0', 'D2', 'D3']},
index=['K0', 'K2', 'K3'])
>>> left
A B
K0 A0 B0
K1 A1 B1
K2 A2 B2
>>> right
C D
K0 C0 D0
K2 C2 D2
K3 C3 D3
>>> res = pd.merge(left, right, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='outer')
>>> res
A B C D
K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
K1 A1 B1 NaN NaN
K2 A2 B2 C2 D2
K3 NaN NaN C3 D3
>>> res = pd.merge(left, right, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='inner')
>>> res
A B C D
K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
K2 A2 B2 C2 D2
# handle overlapping
>>> boys = pd.DataFrame({'k': ['K0', 'K1', 'K2'], 'age': [1, 2, 3]})
>>> girls = pd.DataFrame({'k': ['K0', 'K0', 'K3'], 'age': [4, 5, 6]})
>>> boys
k age
0 K0 1
1 K1 2
2 K2 3
>>> girls
k age
0 K0 4
1 K0 5
2 K3 6
>>> res = pd.merge(boys, girls, on='k', suffixes=['_boy', '_girl'], how='inner')
>>> res
k age_boy age_girl
0 K0 1 4
1 K0 1 5
可视化
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> data=pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000),index=np.arange(1000))
>>> data=data.cumsum()
>>> data.plot()
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0123F290>
>>> plt.show()
>>>data=pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000,4),index=np.arange(1000),columns=list("ABCD"))
>>> data=data.cumsum()
>>> print(data.head(3))
A B C D
0 -0.893047 -0.423578 -1.246789 2.158506
1 -2.023930 -0.458917 -4.894671 2.304530
2 -1.693835 -1.826239 -3.805351 4.806164
>>> data.plot()
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x016E1030>
>>> plt.show()
>>> #plot methods
>>> #'bar','hist','box','kde','area','scatter','hexbin',pie
>>> data.plot.scatter(x='A',y='B')
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x01AC9070>
>>> plt.show()
扫一扫
1321
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
