英美文学资料总结

Introduction of English literature 1. The original source for the rise and growth of English literature (英国文学兴起与发展的源泉) England where the early inhabitants is Celts. Has been conquered three times. And it was conquered by the Romans , the Anglo Saxons and the Normans. The latter two conquests much affected England. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought a fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. The cultural influences of these two conquests provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature. （英国早期居住居民为凯尔特人，英国遭受三次外族人入侵，他们分别是古罗马人、盎格鲁-萨克森人和法国诺曼人，后两者对英国的影响较大，盎格鲁-萨克森人将日耳曼族语言及文化带到岛上，而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪漫潮。包括希腊文化，罗马法律以及基督教正是这两次入侵所辅带的文化影响，为此后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了源泉。） 2. The period of old English literature （英国文学史的古时候时代） The period of old English literature is from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England. （英国文学史的上古时期始于450年止于1066年，即诺曼底征服的那一年。） 3.The classification of old English poetry （英国古诗歌的分类） The Old English poetry can be survived divided into two groups: the religious group and the secular one. The religious poetry is mainly on biblical themes. For example, Genesis A Genesis B and Exodus, are based on the Old Testament, The Dream of the Rood comes from the New Testament. The secular poetry includes the national epic poem, Beowulf, and a number of short lyrical poems which evoke the Anglo-Saxon of the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot . The Wanderer Deor 、The seafarer 、The wife’s complaint，are among the best of the secular group of poetry of shorter length .Such poems refected the fatalistic views towards sorrowful life as well as courage and determination. （英国上古诗歌可分为两大类：宗教诗和世俗诗，宗教诗的主题大多是来源于《圣经》。比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》，以及《出埃及记》都源于《旧约全书》，而《十字架之梦》则来源于《新约全书》。世俗诗包括民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》以及其他众多的短篇抒情诗，但他们唤起了盎格鲁-萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。《流浪者-狄奥》，《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗的短篇抒情诗中的佼佼者。诗中反映了作者对惨淡生活的宿命论观点，尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。） 4. The main characteristics of the English national epic ,Beowulf （民族史诗《贝奥武甫》的特点） Beowulf: is a typical example of Old English poetry, However, the hero and the setting of Beowulf have nothing to do with England. In fact the story took place in Scandinavia. The poem was originally in a