题意
计算满足下列条件长度为 n n n 的序列 ( a 1 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n ) (a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n) (a1,a2,⋯,an) 的个数。
- 对于 1 ≤ i ≤ n 1 \le i \le n 1≤i≤n 满足 0 ≤ a i ≤ 2 m 0 \le a_i \le 2 ^ m 0≤ai≤2m
- ∑ i = 1 n cnt 1 ( a i ⊕ b i ) = k \sum\limits_{i = 1} ^ {n} \text{cnt}_1(a_i \oplus b_i) = k i=1∑ncnt1(ai⊕bi)=k
其中序列 b b b 为 ( a 2 , a 3 , ⋯ , a n , a 1 ) (a_2,a_3,\cdots,a_n,a_1) (a2,a3,⋯,an,a1), cnt 1 ( x ) \text{cnt}_1(x) cnt1(x) 代表 x x x 二进制中 1 1 1 的个数。
对 998 244 353 998\,244\,353 998244353 取模。
2 ≤ n < 998 244 353 , 1 ≤ m ≤ 1 0 8 , 1 ≤ k ≤ 5 × 1 0 4 2 \le n < 998\,244\,353, 1 \le m \le 10 ^ 8,1 \le k \le 5\times 10 ^ 4 2≤n<998244353,1≤m≤108,1≤k≤5×104
分析:
首先观察第二个条件,由于每一位是独立的,考虑拆位。
统计 m m m 位中每一位对答案的贡献,记 a i = ∑ j = 0 m − 1 c i j × 2 j a_i = \sum\limits_{j = 0} ^ {m - 1} c_{ij} \times 2 ^ j ai=j=0∑m−1cij×2j,其中 c i j c_{ij} cij 表示 a i a_i ai 二进制的第 j j j 位。
那么对第 j j j 位来说,只需要知道序列 ( c 1 j ⊕ c 2 j , c 2 j ⊕ c 3 j , ⋯ , c ( n − 1 ) j ⊕ c n j , c n j ⊕ c 1 j ) (c_{1j} \oplus c_{2j},c_{2j} \oplus c_{3j},\cdots, c_{(n - 1)j} \oplus c_{nj}, c_{nj} \oplus c_{1j}) (c1j⊕c2j,c2j⊕c3j,⋯,c(n−1)j⊕cnj,cnj⊕c1j) 中产生若干个 1 1 1 的方案数。
下面简单证一下序列中只可能包含偶数个 1 1 1:
c p j ⊕ c q j = 1 c_{pj} \oplus c_{qj} = 1 cpj⊕cqj=1 等价于 c p j ≠ c q j c_{pj} \ne c_{qj} cpj=cqj
c p j ⊕ c q j = 0 c_{pj} \oplus c_{qj} = 0 cpj⊕cqj=0 等价于 c p j = c q j c_{pj} = c_{qj} cpj=cqj
所以问题等价于在 01 01 01 环选择 u u u 条边使相邻点的值不相等,那么剩下 n − u n - u n−u 条边使得相邻点的值相等。
由于相等边不改变值,所以我们可以将不相等边构成的连通块缩成一个连通块,也就是将相等边构成连通块的两边节点合并到一起。
此时问题变为二分图染色问题,我们知道二分图染色奇数环是不可行的,所以环大小必定为偶数,由此推出 1 1 1 必须为偶数个。
那么得到 2 u 2u 2u 个 1 1 1 的方案数就为 2 ( n 2 u ) 2\dbinom{n}{2u} 2(2un),考虑每一位的生成函数
F ( x ) = ∑ u = 0 ⌊ n 2 ⌋ 2 ( n 2 u ) x 2 u F(x) = \sum_{u = 0} ^ {\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor } 2\binom{n}{2u}x ^ {2u} F(x)=u=0∑⌊2n⌋2(2un)x2u
由于每一位独立,所以 m m m 个生成函数都相等,所以答案为
[ x k ] F m ( x ) [x ^ k] F^ m(x) [xk]Fm(x)
由于 n < 998 244 353 n < 998\,244\,353 n<998244353 ,但 k ≤ 5 × 1 0 4 k \le 5\times 10 ^ 4 k≤5×104,所以 F ( x ) F(x) F(x) 至多算到第 k k k 项,那么 ( n 2 u ) \dbinom{n}{2u} (2un) 经典维护下降幂。最后使用多项式快速幂求解即可。
代码:
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using i64 = long long;
constexpr int mod = 998244353;
template<class T>
T power(T a, int b) {
T res = 1;
for (; b; b /= 2, a *= a) {
if (b % 2) {
res *= a;
}
}
return res;
}
template<int mod>
struct ModInt {
int x;
ModInt() : x(0) {}
ModInt(i64 y) : x(y >= 0 ? y % mod : (mod - (-y) % mod) % mod) {}
ModInt &operator+=(const ModInt &p) {
if ((x += p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
return *this;
}
ModInt &operator-=(const ModInt &p) {
if ((x += mod - p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
return *this;
}
ModInt &operator*=(const ModInt &p) {
x = (int)(1LL * x * p.x % mod);
return *this;
}
ModInt &operator/=(const ModInt &p) {
*this *= p.inv();
return *this;
}
ModInt operator-() const {
return ModInt(-x);
}
ModInt operator+(const ModInt &p) const {
return ModInt(*this) += p;
}
ModInt operator-(const ModInt &p) const {
return ModInt(*this) -= p;
}
ModInt operator*(const ModInt &p) const {
return ModInt(*this) *= p;
}
ModInt operator/(const ModInt &p) const {
return ModInt(*this) /= p;
}
bool operator==(const ModInt &p) const {
return x == p.x;
}
bool operator!=(const ModInt &p) const {
return x != p.x;
}
ModInt inv() const {
int a = x, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
while (b > 0) {
t = a / b;
swap(a -= t * b, b);
swap(u -= t * v, v);
}
return ModInt(u);
}
ModInt pow(i64 n) const {
ModInt res(1), mul(x);
while (n > 0) {
if (n & 1) res *= mul;
mul *= mul;
n >>= 1;
}
return res;
}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const ModInt &p) {
return os << p.x;
}
friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, ModInt &a) {
i64 t;
is >> t;
a = ModInt<mod>(t);
return (is);
}
int val() const {
return x;
}
static constexpr int val_mod() {
return mod;
}
};
using Z = ModInt<mod>;
vector<Z> fact, infact;
void init(int n) {
fact.resize(n + 1), infact.resize(n + 1);
fact[0] = infact[0] = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++) {
fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
}
infact[n] = fact[n].inv();
for (int i = n; i; i --) {
infact[i - 1] = infact[i] * i;
}
}
Z C(int n, int m) {
if (n < 0 || m < 0 || n < m) return Z(0);
return fact[n] * infact[n - m] * infact[m];
}
vector<int> rev;
vector<Z> roots{0, 1};
void dft(vector<Z> &a) {
int n = a.size();
if (int(rev.size()) != n) {
int k = __builtin_ctz(n) - 1;
rev.resize(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
rev[i] = rev[i >> 1] >> 1 | (i & 1) << k;
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
if (rev[i] < i) {
swap(a[i], a[rev[i]]);
}
}
if (int(roots.size()) < n) {
int k = __builtin_ctz(roots.size());
roots.resize(n);
while ((1 << k) < n) {
Z e = power(Z(3), (mod - 1) >> (k + 1));
for (int i = 1 << (k - 1); i < (1 << k); i ++) {
roots[i << 1] = roots[i];
roots[i << 1 | 1] = roots[i] * e;
}
k ++;
}
}
for (int k = 1; k < n; k *= 2) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i += 2 * k) {
for (int j = 0; j < k; j ++) {
Z u = a[i + j], v = a[i + j + k] * roots[k + j];
a[i + j] = u + v, a[i + j + k] = u - v;
}
}
}
}
void idft(vector<Z> &a) {
int n = a.size();
reverse(a.begin() + 1, a.end());
dft(a);
Z inv = (1 - mod) / n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
a[i] *= inv;
}
}
struct Poly {
vector<Z> a;
Poly() {}
Poly(const vector<Z> &a) : a(a) {}
Poly(const initializer_list<Z> &a) : a(a) {}
int size() const {
return a.size();
}
void resize(int n) {
a.resize(n);
}
Z operator[](int idx) const {
if (idx < size()) {
return a[idx];
} else {
return 0;
}
}
Z &operator[](int idx) {
return a[idx];
}
Poly mulxk(int k) const {
auto b = a;
b.insert(b.begin(), k, 0);
return Poly(b);
}
Poly modxk(int k) const {
k = min(k, size());
return Poly(vector<Z>(a.begin(), a.begin() + k));
}
Poly divxk(int k) const {
if (size() <= k) {
return Poly();
}
return Poly(vector<Z>(a.begin() + k, a.end()));
}
friend Poly operator+(const Poly &a, const Poly &b) {
vector<Z> res(max(a.size(), b.size()));
for (int i = 0; i < int(res.size()); i ++) {
res[i] = a[i] + b[i];
}
return Poly(res);
}
friend Poly operator-(const Poly &a, const Poly &b) {
vector<Z> res(max(a.size(), b.size()));
for (int i = 0; i < int(res.size()); i ++) {
res[i] = a[i] - b[i];
}
return Poly(res);
}
friend Poly operator*(Poly a, Poly b) {
if (a.size() == 0 || b.size() == 0) {
return Poly();
}
int sz = 1, tot = a.size() + b.size() - 1;
while (sz < tot) {
sz *= 2;
}
a.a.resize(sz);
b.a.resize(sz);
dft(a.a);
dft(b.a);
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i ++) {
a.a[i] = a[i] * b[i];
}
idft(a.a);
a.resize(tot);
return a;
}
friend Poly operator*(Z a, Poly b) {
for (int i = 0; i < int(b.size()); i ++) {
b[i] *= a;
}
return b;
}
friend Poly operator*(Poly a, Z b) {
for (int i = 0; i < int(a.size()); i ++) {
a[i] *= b;
}
return a;
}
Poly &operator+=(Poly b) {
return (*this) = (*this) + b;
}
Poly &operator-=(Poly b) {
return (*this) = (*this) - b;
}
Poly &operator*=(Poly b) {
return (*this) = (*this) * b;
}
Poly deriv() const {
if (a.empty()) {
return Poly();
}
vector<Z> res(size() - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < size() - 1; i ++) {
res[i] = a[i + 1] * (i + 1);
}
return Poly(res);
}
Poly integr() const {
vector<Z> res(size() + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < size(); i ++) {
res[i + 1] = a[i] / (i + 1);
}
return Poly(res);
}
Poly inv(int m) const {
Poly x{a[0].inv()};
int k = 1;
while (k < m) {
k *= 2;
x = (x * (Poly{2} - modxk(k) * x)).modxk(k);
}
return x.modxk(m);
}
Poly log(int m) const {
return (deriv() * inv(m)).integr().modxk(m);
}
Poly exp(int m) const {
Poly x{1};
int k = 1;
while (k < m) {
k *= 2;
x = (x * (Poly{1} - x.log(k) + modxk(k))).modxk(k);
}
return x.modxk(m);
}
Poly pow(int k, int m) const {
int i = 0;
while (i < size() && a[i].val() == 0) {
i ++;
}
if (i == size() || 1LL * i * k >= m) {
return Poly(vector<Z>(m));
}
Z v = a[i];
auto f = divxk(i) * v.inv();
return (f.log(m - i * k) * k).exp(m - i * k).mulxk(i * k) * power(v, k);
}
Poly sqrt(int m) const {
Poly x{1};
int k = 1;
while (k < m) {
k *= 2;
x = (x + (modxk(k) * x.inv(k)).modxk(k)) * ((mod + 1) / 2);
}
return x.modxk(m);
}
Poly mulT(Poly b) const {
if (b.size() == 0) {
return Poly();
}
int n = b.size();
reverse(b.a.begin(), b.a.end());
return ((*this) * b).divxk(n - 1);
}
vector<Z> eval(vector<Z> x) const {
if (size() == 0) {
return vector<Z>(x.size(), 0);
}
const int n = max(int(x.size()), size());
vector<Poly> q(n << 2);
vector<Z> ans(x.size());
x.resize(n);
function<void(int, int, int)> build = [&](int p, int l, int r) {
if (r - l == 1) {
q[p] = Poly{1, -x[l]};
} else {
int m = l + r >> 1;
build(p << 1, l, m);
build(p << 1 | 1, m, r);
q[p] = q[p << 1] * q[p << 1 | 1];
}
};
build(1, 0, n);
function<void(int, int, int, const Poly &)> work = [&](int p, int l, int r, const Poly &num) {
if (r - l == 1) {
if (l < int(ans.size())) {
ans[l] = num[0];
}
} else {
int m = (l + r) / 2;
work(p << 1, l, m, num.mulT(q[p << 1 | 1]).modxk(m - l));
work(p << 1 | 1, m, r, num.mulT(q[p << 1]).modxk(r - m));
}
};
work(1, 0, n, mulT(q[1].inv(n)));
return ans;
}
Poly inter(const Poly &y) const {
vector<Poly> Q(a.size() << 2), P(a.size() << 2);
function<void(int, int, int)> dfs1 = [&](int p, int l, int r) {
int m = l + r >> 1;
if (l == r) {
Q[p].a.push_back(-a[m]);
Q[p].a.push_back(Z(1));
return;
}
dfs1(p << 1, l, m), dfs1(p << 1 | 1, m + 1, r);
Q[p] = Q[p << 1] * Q[p << 1 | 1];
};
dfs1(1, 0, a.size() - 1);
Poly f;
f.a.resize((int)(Q[1].size()) - 1);
for (int i = 0; i + 1 < Q[1].size(); i ++) {
f[i] = Q[1][i + 1] * (i + 1);
}
Poly g = f.eval(a);
function<void(int, int, int)> dfs2 = [&](int p, int l, int r) {
int m = l + r >> 1;
if (l == r) {
P[p].a.push_back(y[m] * power(g[m], mod - 2));
return;
}
dfs2(p << 1, l, m), dfs2(p << 1 | 1, m + 1, r);
P[p].a.resize(r - l + 1);
Poly A = P[p << 1] * Q[p << 1 | 1];
Poly B = P[p << 1 | 1] * Q[p << 1];
for (int i = 0; i <= r - l; i ++) {
P[p][i] = A[i] + B[i];
}
};
dfs2(1, 0, a.size() - 1);
return P[1];
}
};
Poly toFPP(vector<Z> &a) {
int n = a.size();
vector<Z> b(n);
iota(b.begin(), b.end(), 0);
auto F = Poly(a).eval(b);
vector<Z> f(n), g(n);
for (int i = 0, sign = 1; i < n; i ++, sign *= -1) {
f[i] = F[i] * infact[i];
g[i] = Z(sign) * infact[i];
}
return Poly(f) * Poly(g);
}
Poly toOP(vector<Z> &a) {
int n = a.size();
vector<Z> g(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
g[i] = infact[i];
}
auto F = Poly(a) * Poly(g);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
F[i] *= fact[i];
}
vector<Z> p(n);
iota(p.begin(), p.end(), 0);
return Poly(p).inter(F);
}
Poly FPPMul(Poly a, Poly b) {
int n = a.size() + b.size() - 1;
Poly p;
p.resize(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
p[i] = infact[i];
}
a *= p, b *= p;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
a[i] *= b[i] * fact[i];
}
for (int i = 1; i < n; i += 2) {
p[i] = -p[i];
}
a *= p;
a.resize(n);
return a;
}
Poly Lagrange2(vector<Z> &f, int m, int k) {
int n = f.size() - 1;
vector<Z> a(n + 1), b(n + 1 + k);
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i ++) {
a[i] = f[i] * ((n - i) & 1 ? -1 : 1) * infact[n - i] * infact[i];
}
for (int i = 0; i <= n + k; i ++) {
b[i] = Z(1) / (m - n + i);
}
Poly ans = Poly(a) * Poly(b);
for (int i = 0; i <= k; i ++) {
ans[i] = ans[i + n];
}
ans.resize(k + 1);
Z sum = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i ++) {
sum *= m - i;
}
for (int i = 0; i <= k; i ++) {
ans[i] *= sum;
sum *= Z(m + i + 1) / (m - n + i);
}
return ans;
}
Poly Chirp_Z_Transform(vector<Z> &a, int c, int m) {
int n = a.size();
a.resize(n + m - 1);
Poly f, g;
f.resize(n + m - 1), g.resize(n + m - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i ++) {
f[n - 1 + m - 1 - i] = power(Z(c), i * (i - 1LL) / 2 % (mod - 1));
g[i] = power(Z(c), mod - 1 - i * (i - 1LL) / 2 % (mod - 1)) * a[i];
}
Poly res = f * g, ans;
ans.resize(m);
for (int i = 0; i < m; i ++) {
ans[i] = res[n - 1 + m - 1 - i] * power(Z(c), mod - 1 - i * (i - 1LL) / 2 % (mod - 1));
}
return ans;
}
Poly S2_row;
void S2_row_init(int n) {
vector<Z> f(n + 1), g(n + 1);
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i ++) {
f[i] = power(Z(i), n) * infact[i];
g[i] = Z(i & 1 ? -1 : 1) * infact[i];
}
S2_row = Poly(f) * Poly(g);
}
Poly S2_col;
void S2_col_init(int n, int k) {
n ++;
vector<Z> f(n);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i ++) {
f[i] = infact[i];
}
auto ans = Poly(f).pow(k, n);
S2_col.resize(n + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
S2_col[i] = ans[i] * fact[i] * infact[k];
}
}
Poly Bell;
void Bell_init(int n) {
vector<Z> f(n + 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++) {
f[i] = infact[i];
}
auto ans = Poly(f).exp(n + 1);
Bell.resize(n + 1);
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i ++) {
Bell[i] = ans[i] * fact[i];
}
}
vector<Z> p;
void p_init(int n) {
vector<int> f(n + 1);
p.resize(n + 1);
p[0] = 1;
f[0] = 1, f[1] = 2, f[2] = 5, f[3] = 7;
for (int i = 4; f[i - 1] <= n; i ++) {
f[i] = 3 + 2 * f[i - 2] - f[i - 4];
}
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i ++) {
for (int j = 0; f[j] <= i; j ++) {
p[i] += Z(j & 2 ? -1 : 1) * p[i - f[j]];
}
}
}
Poly P;
void p_init(int n, int m) {
vector<Z> a(n + 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= m; i ++) {
for (int j = i; j <= n; j += i) {
a[j] += Z(j / i).inv();
}
}
P = Poly(a).exp(n + 1);
}
signed main() {
cin.tie(0) -> sync_with_stdio(0);
int n, m, k;
cin >> n >> m >> k;
int sz = min(n, k);
Poly f;
f.resize(sz + 1);
f[0] = 2;
Z fsum = 1, fn = n;
for (int i = 1; i <= sz; i ++) {
fsum = fsum * fn / i;
f[i] = i & 1 ? Z(0) : fsum * 2;
fn -= 1;
}
cout << f.pow(m, k + 1)[k] << "\n";
}