计网第一章Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Packet-Switched Networks

Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Packet-Switched Networks

---

delay

As a packet travels from one node (host or router) to the subsequent node (host or router) along this path, the
packet suffers from several types of delays at each node along the path.
The most important of these delays are the nodal processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay

1. Processing Delay：检查数据包的标头并确定将数据包定向到何处所需的时间是处理延迟的一部分。

2. queuing delay：在队列中，数据包在等待传输到链路时会遇到排队延迟。特定数据包的排队延迟长度将取决于排队并等待传输到链路上的较早到达的数据包的数量。如果队列为空，并且当前没有其他数据包正在传输，则数据包的排队延迟将为零。另一方面，如果流量很大，并且还有许多其他数据包正在等待传输，则排队延迟会很长。
   R is the transmission rate; that is, it is the rate (in bits/sec) at which bits are pushed out of the queue.
   Also suppose, for simplicity, that all packets consist of L bits.
   Then the average rate at which bits arrive at the queue is La bits/sec.
   Finally, assume that the queue is very big, so that it can hold essentially an infinite number of bits.
   The ratio La/R, called the traffic intensity, often plays an important role in estimating the
   extent of the queuing delay.

3. transmission delay：假设数据包以先到先得的方式传输，这在数据包交换网络中很常见，那么我们的数据包只有在传输之前到达的所有数据包都已到达后才能传输。The transmission delay is N *L/R. 见前边博客，一个包跨越一个链路的延迟是L/R。

4. propagation delay：将bits推入链路后，它需要传播到路由器 B。从链路开头传播到路由器 B 所需的时间是传播延迟。该位以链路的传播速度传播。传播速度取决于链路的物理介质（即光纤、双绞线铜线等）
   传播延迟为 d/s，其中 d 是路由器 A 和路由器 B 之间的距离，s 是链路的传播速度。

If we let dproc , dqueue , dtrans , and dprop denote the processing, queuing, transmis-
sion, and propagation delays, then the total nodal delay is given by

Loss

the queue capacity is finite, packet delays do not really approach infinity as the traf-
fic intensity approaches 1. Instead, a packet can arrive to find a full queue. With no
place to store such a packet, a router will drop that packet; that is, the packet will be
lost.

Throughput

最终吞吐量取决于链路中吞吐量最小的链路