计算机网络-计算机网络介绍

计算机网络-计算机网络介绍

注：此文章为计网接近满绩的巨佬博主“忧伤的小马”所做。其博客主页地址和github传送门如下：

忧伤的小马博客主页：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_45504981
github传送门：https://github.com/rzy0901

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view.

• ISP: Internet Service Provider(因特网提供商)

• 

• End systems (端系统) = host (主机)

  端系统由通信链路和分组交换机连接

• communication links(通信链路):

  wireless and wired links

• packet switches (分组交换机): forward packets (chunks of data)

  routers（路由器） and switches（交换机）

  通过一个队列“推”packets？

• Internet: Interconnected Internet Service Provider

• Protocols: control sending, receiving of messages.

  protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities,and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

• Internet structure:

  • End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs.

    Residential, company and university ISPs.

  • Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.

Network edge.

• network edge:

  • hosts
  • access network
  • physic media

• network core:

  • interconnected routers
  • network of networks

• end systems (hosts) :

  Web, email
  

• client server model: client host requests, receives service from always-on server.

  Web browser/server; email client/server

• P2P model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers.

  Skype, BitTorrent

Host: sends packets of data.

• $L$: length of packet (bits).

• $R$: transmission rate.

• $$packettransmissiondelay=timeneededtotransmitLbitstolink=\frac{L(bits)}{R(bits/s)}$$

Network core.

• Network core:

  • packet-switching

  • circuit-switching

• Packet-switching: hosts break application-layer messages into packets:

  • forward packets from one router to the next, across links on path from source to destination.
  • each packet transmitted at full link capacity.

• Packet-switching: store-and-forward:

• takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps.

• store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link.

• $$end-enddelay=\frac{2L}{R}$$

  (assuming zero propagation delay)

• queuing and loss: If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time:

  • packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link.
  • packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up.
  • 
    

• Circuit switching: end-end resources allocated to, reserved for “call”
  between source & dest:
  

  • dedicated resources （专用资源，专用线路，如上图深色绿线）

  • circuit segment idle（闲置） if not used by call (no sharing)

    e.p. Commonly used in traditional telephone networks

    FDM:

    

    TDM:

    

• 对比：

  • Packet switching allows more users to use network!

  • Packet switching: excessive congestion possible. (packet loss and delay)

    protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control

  • Circuit-like behavior: bandwidth guarantees needed.

• Internet structure:

1. “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national & international coverage
2. content provider network (e.g, Google)
3. IXP: Internet Exchange Point 互联网交换中心

delay, loss, throughput in networks.

• How do loss and delay occur?

  packets queue in router buffers:

  • packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity.

  • packets queue, wait for turn.

    前两条都是queuing delay?

  • 

• Four sources of packet delay:
  

  d_{nodal}=d_{proc}+d_{queue}+d_{tran}+d_{prop}
  $$

  Where,

  • $d_{proc}$: nodal processing.

  • checksum（有无bit error）.

  • determine output link .

  • 很小（<msec）.

  • $d_{queue}$: queuing delay (排队等待时间).

  • depends on congestion level of router.

  • 如下图所示。

  • $d_{trans}$: transmission delay.

  • $d_{trans}=\frac{L}{R}.$

  • $L$ packet length (bits).

  • $R$ link bandwidth (bps).

  • $d_{prop}$: propagation delay:

  • $d_{prop}=d/s$.

  • $d$: length of physic link.

  • $s$: propagation speed in medium.

• Queuing delay:

  

  • $L$ packet length (bits).
  • $R$ link bandwidth (bps).
  • $a$ average packet arrival rate.

• packet loss:
  

  Buffer 有一定capacity, buffer满了丢包

• Throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver.

  • instantaneous: rate at given point in time.
  • average: rate over longer period of time.

Protocol layers.

网络安全，计算机网络历史略。。。。。

• 转载请注明出处:

https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44077955/article/details/112068499

文章难免有疏漏错误之处，欢迎私信博主及时更正，大家共同进步😜。