学术英语写作（二）

how to shape your topic¹

1>You begin with a broad subject area and a general idea,a provisional conjecture about that subject(a hypothesis).
2> As you read and think about your subject and consider your purpose and prospective audience, you narrow the subject to a topic.
3>As you determine what you hope to accomplish in your paper,you reduce your original hypothesis into a definite idea about your topic - a thesis.
4> You investigate your topic by reading books and articles and by exploring other sources of information in search of material to support your thesis and then recording it on note cards or some other easily retrievable format.
5>You origanize your notes in a sensible plan.
6> You write the results of your research in an organized essay, documenting the sources of all borrowed facts and opinions.

 单词：
provisional	英[prəˈvɪʒənl]
adj.	临时的; 暂时的; 暂定的;
n.	临时性; 临时人员;

conjecture
英[kənˈdʒektʃə(r)]
n.	猜测; 推测; 揣测; 臆测;
v.	猜测; 推测;

prospective	英[prəˈspektɪv]
adj.	有望的; 可能的; 预期的; 潜在的; 即将发生的; 行将来临的;

hypothesis 英[haɪˈpɒθəsɪs]
n.	(有少量事实依据但未被证实的) 假说，假设; (凭空的) 猜想，猜测;

retrievable	英[rɪˈtriːvəbl]
美[rɪˈtrivəbl]
网络	可回收的; 可检索的; 可回收; 可检索; 可获取的;

format	英[ˈfɔːmæt]
美[ˈfɔːrmæt]
n.	总体安排; 计划; 设计; (出版物的) 版式，开本; 格式;
v.	格式化; 安排…的版式;

sensible	英[ˈsensəbl]
美[ˈsensəbl]
adj.	明智的; 理智的; 合理的; 切合实际的; 朴素而实用的; 意识到; 认识到;

Helpful Techniques for Getting Started(实用的选题技巧)

1> A research log.
jot down possible topics
sources to consult
question to consider
possible main points
reminders to yourself

Treat this log as an informal(非正式的) diary
recording what you hope to
accomplish
problems you foresee
progress you make

2> a work schedule
begin work as soon as possible
Meeting or beating a deadline can be a minor triumph(胜利，成就感) that will give you a psychological lift.
will keep your mind focused on your topic
A successful research paper evolves slowly through continued effort.

The more time you have for revision(修改) , the better

3> A Mental Inventory

4> Brainstorming(头脑风暴)
refine a topic and determine
the main points

after a session in the library spend a few minutes considering what you have read and jot down useful ideas

 jot down	英[dʒɒt daʊn]
美[dʒɑːt daʊn]
[词典]	草草记下，匆匆写下（地址等）;

mental	英[ˈmentl]
美[ˈmentl]
adj.	思想的; 精神的; 思考的; 智力的; 精神病治疗的; 精神健康的; 疯狂; 发疯;


inventory	英[ˈɪnvəntri]
美[ˈɪnvəntɔːri]
n.	(建筑物里的物品、家具等的) 清单; 财产清单; (商店的) 存货，库存;
v.	开列清单;

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1. research paper 基本步骤。（不一定必须都有） ↩︎