基础知识:
1.ruby的proc
ruby的proc的一般使用过程如下:
>> p=Proc.new{|item| p item}
=> #<Proc:0x000000010e446060@(irb):9>
>> p.call("6")
"6"
proc是通过call进行调度的,也就是说proc是可以响应call的。
2. rack的中间件的概念
我个人感觉rack中间件类似代理,包裹了endpoint,在完成处理后,中间件再将被包裹的endpoint返回。
一个简单的rack中间件如下:
MyApp = proc do |env|
[200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['ok']]
end
class MyMiddleware
def initialize(app)
@app = app
end
def call(env)
if env['PATH_INFO'] == '/'
@app.call(env)
else
[404, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['not ok']]
end
end
end
# this is the actual configuration
use MyMiddleware
run MyApp
通过执行 rackup -p 4567 -s thin启动,访问4567端口后curl 127.0.0.1:4567/ab,返回not ok。从这里我们可以看到MyMiddleware作为中间件,处理非法请求。
那么sinatra和中间件又有神马关系呢?
sinatra既可以作为endpoint(被中间件包裹的app),也可以作为中间件过滤处理请求。
sinatra的所有请求的入口是call,从而知道每次call都会去调用prototype,在引入@prototype时,就引入了rack的中间件。同样,根据上面的例子,sinatra支持使用use来引入其他的中间件。
当一个请求到达后,则所有的before过滤器会被触发,而在处理请求后,所有的after都会被触发,除非before、after有特定的路径限制。
# The prototype instance used to process requests.
def prototype
@prototype ||= new
end
# Create a new instance without middleware in front of it.
alias new! new unless method_defined? :new!
# Create a new instance of the class fronted by its middleware
# pipeline. The object is guaranteed to respond to #call but may not be
# an instance of the class new was called on.
def new(*args, &bk)
build(Rack::Builder.new, *args, &bk).to_app
end
# Creates a Rack::Builder instance with all the middleware set up and
# an instance of this class as end point.
def build(builder, *args, &bk)
setup_default_middleware builder
setup_middleware builder
builder.run new!(*args, &bk)
builder
end
def call(env)
synchronize{protype.call(env)}
end
使用rack的中间件 (保存为config.ru)
require 'sinatra'
require 'rack'
# A handy middleware that ships with Rack
# and sets the X-Runtime header
use Rack::Runtime
get('/') { 'Hello world!' }
在启动访问后
curl 127.0.0.1:4567 -vv
* About to connect() to 127.0.0.1 port 4567 (#0)
* Trying 127.0.0.1... connected
* Connected to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) port 4567 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.21.4 (universal-apple-darwin11.0) libcurl/7.21.4 OpenSSL/0.9.8r zlib/1.2.5
> Host: 127.0.0.1:4567
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< X-Frame-Options: sameorigin
< X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
< Content-Length: 12
< Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8
< X-Runtime: 0.000396
< Connection: keep-alive
< Server: thin 1.5.0 codename Knife
<
* Connection #0 to host 127.0.0.1 left intact
* Closing connection #0
Hello world!
sinatra自己作为中间件 (保存为config.ru)
require 'rubygems'
require 'sinatra/base'
MyApp = proc do |env|
[200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['ok']]
end
class MyMiddlewareSinatra < Sinatra::Base
before do
if env['PATH_INFO'] != '/'
halt "not good"
end
end
end
# this is the actual configuration
use MyMiddlewareSinatra
run MyApp
利用rackup -s thin -p 4567启动后访问/abc,返回not good
分发原则
在sinatra作为endpoint的时候,每一个请求生成一个对应的实例。而当sinatra作为中间件运行时,则是所有的请求都对应一个实例。
在sinatra作为app处理请求的时候,调用的如下代码:
# The prototype instance used to process requests.
def prototype
@prototype ||= new
end
def call(env)
synchronize { prototype.call(env) }
end
而在作为中间件调用的如下代码
# Rack call interface.
def call(env)
dup.call!(env)
end
def call!(env) # :nodoc:
@env = env
@request = Request.new(env)
@response = Response.new
@params = indifferent_params(@request.params)
template_cache.clear if settings.reload_templates
force_encoding(@params)
@response['Content-Type'] = nil
invoke { dispatch! }
invoke { error_block!(response.status) }
unless @response['Content-Type']
if Array === body and body[0].respond_to? :content_type
content_type body[0].content_type
else
content_type :html
end
end
@response.finish
end