可参考:
urllib库包含以下模块
urllib.request 请求模块
urllib.error 异常处理模块
urllib.parse url解析模块
urllib.robotparser robots.txt解析模块
py2 vs. py3
python2
urllib.urlopen()
python3
urllin.request.urlopen()
用于http测试的网站:http://httpbin.org/
引入需要的模块
from urllib import request
from urllib import parse
from urllib import error
from http import cookiejar
import socket
request请求
请求url,请求参数, 请求数据, 请求头
urlopen
urlopen(url, data=None, timeout, *, cafile=None,
capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None)
# 发送get请求
def foo1():
response = request.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")
# 字节 -> utf-8解码 -> 字符串
print(response.read().decode("utf-8"))
# 发送post请求
def foo2():
data = bytes(parse.urlencode({"word": "hello"}), encoding="utf-8")
response = request.urlopen("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.read())
# 设置超时时间并捕获异常
def foo3():
try:
response = request.urlopen("http://httpbin.org/post", timeout=0.1)
print(response.read())
except error.URLError as e:
print(type(e.reason)) # <class 'socket.timeout'>
if isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout):
print("超时错误:", e)
response响应
# 状态码,响应头
def foo4():
response = request.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")
print(type(response))
# from http.client import HTTPResponse
# <class 'http.client.HTTPResponse'>
print(response.status)
print(response.getheaders())
print(response.getheader("Server"))
Request请求对象
def foo5():
req = request.Request("http://www.baidu.com")
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode("utf-8"))
# 带浏览器信息的请求1
def foo6():
url = "http://httpbin.org/post"
headers = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6)",
"Host": "httpbin.org"
}
dct = {"name": "Tom"}
data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dct), encoding="utf-8")
req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers)
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode("utf-8"))
# 带浏览器信息的请求2
def foo7():
url = "http://httpbin.org/post"
dct = {"name": "Tom"}
data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dct), encoding="utf-8")
req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, method="POST")
req.add_header("User-Agent",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6)")
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode("utf-8"))
代理
def foo8():
proxy_handler = request.ProxyHandler({
"http": "http://183.159.94.185:18118",
"https": "https://183.159.94.187:18118",
})
opener = request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
print(response.read())
cookie
def foo9():
cookie = cookiejar.CookieJar()
cookie_handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = request.build_opener(cookie_handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
print(response.status)
for item in cookie:
print(item.name, item.value)
# 保存cookie1
def foo10():
filename = "cookie.txt"
cookie = cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename)
cookie_handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = request.build_opener(cookie_handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
# 保存cookie2
def foo11():
filename = "cookie1.txt"
cookie = cookiejar.LWPCookieJar(filename)
cookie_handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = request.build_opener(cookie_handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
# 读取cookie
def foo12():
filename = "cookie1.txt"
cookie = cookiejar.LWPCookieJar()
cookie.load(filename, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
cookie_handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = request.build_opener(cookie_handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
print(response.read().decode("utf-8"))
异常处理
error主要有:’URLError’, ‘HTTPError’, ‘ContentTooShortError’
def foo13():
try:
response = request.urlopen("http://www.xxooxxooxox.com/xxx")
print(response.status)
except error.HTTPError as e: # 子类异常
print(e.name, e.reason, e.code, e.headers, sep="\n")
except error.URLError as e: # 父类异常
print(e.reason)
else:
print("successful")
parse 模块解析url
urlparse(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)
def foo14():
result = parse.urlparse("http://www.baidu.com/xxx.html;user?id=5#comment")
print(type(result), result, sep="\n")
"""
<class 'urllib.parse.ParseResult'>
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/xxx.html',
params='user', query='id=5', fragment='comment')
"""
# scheme 为默认协议信息 链接中协议信息优先
result = parse.urlparse("www.baidu.com", scheme="https")
print(result)
"""
ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='', path='www.baidu.com',
params='', query='', fragment='')
"""
result = parse.urlparse("http://www.baidu.com", scheme="https")
print(result)
"""
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='',
params='', query='', fragment='')
"""
# allow_fragments 参数决定锚点拼接的位置
result = parse.urlparse("http://www.baidu.com/xxx.html;user?id=5#comment",
allow_fragments=True)
print(result)
"""
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/xxx.html',
params='user', query='id=5', fragment='comment')
"""
result = parse.urlparse("http://www.baidu.com/xxx.html;user?id=5#comment",
allow_fragments=False)
print(result)
"""
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/xxx.html',
params='user', query='id=5#comment', fragment='')
"""
result = parse.urlparse("http://www.baidu.com/xxx.html;user#comment",
allow_fragments=False)
print(result)
"""
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/xxx.html',
params='user#comment', query='', fragment='')
"""
# urlunparse 拼接url链接,注意顺序
def foo15():
data = ["http", "www.baidu.com", "index.html", "user", "a=6", "comment"]
print(parse.urlunparse(data))
# http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?a=6#comment
# urljoin 拼接url,类似os.path.join, 后者优先级高
def foo16():
print(parse.urljoin("http://www.baidu.com", "index.html"))
print(parse.urljoin("http://www.baidu.com", "http://www.qq.com/index.html"))
print(parse.urljoin("http://www.baidu.com/index.html", "http://www.qq.com/?id=6"))
"""
http://www.baidu.com/index.html
http://www.qq.com/index.html
http://www.qq.com/?id=6
"""
# urlencode将字典转为url中的参数形式
def foo17():
params ={
"name": "Tom",
"age": 18
}
# 这里 ? 没了
url = parse.urljoin("http://www.baidu.com/?", parse.urlencode(params))
print(url)
# http://www.baidu.com/name=Tom&age=18
url = "http://www.baidu.com/?" + parse.urlencode(params)
print(url)
# http://www.baidu.com/?name=Tom&age=18