MSK调制原理
MSK(Minimum Frequency Shift Keying)最小移频键控。个人理解,最小频率变化的调频率调制,即占用频谱带宽最小的调频调制。其相位连续,幅度恒定,频谱利用率高,抗噪声能力强。
MSK信号表达如下,其中
T
b
T_b
Tb为码元周期,
a
k
a_k
ak为第
k
k
k个码元其取值为
±
1
\pm1
±1,
φ
k
\varphi_k
φk为第
k
k
k个码元的相位常数。
S
M
S
K
(
t
)
=
cos
(
ω
c
t
+
π
∗
a
k
2
T
b
t
+
φ
k
)
=
{
S
s
(
t
)
=
cos
(
ω
m
t
+
φ
k
)
=
cos
[
(
ω
c
+
π
2
T
b
)
t
+
φ
k
]
,
a
k
=
1
S
m
(
t
)
=
cos
(
ω
s
t
+
φ
k
)
=
cos
[
(
ω
c
−
π
2
T
b
)
t
+
φ
k
]
,
a
k
=
−
1
其
中
k
T
b
≤
t
≤
(
k
+
1
)
T
b
S_{MSK} (t) = \cos(\omega_ct+\frac{\pi*a_k}{2T_b}t+\varphi_k)= \begin{cases} S_s(t)=\cos(\omega_mt+\varphi_k)=\cos[(\omega_c+\frac{\pi}{2T_b})t+\varphi_k],a_k=1\\ S_m(t)=\cos(\omega_st+\varphi_k)=\cos[(\omega_c-\frac{\pi}{2T_b})t+\varphi_k],a_k = -1\\ \end{cases} 其中\quad kT_b \leq t\leq(k+1)T_b
SMSK(t)=cos(ωct+2Tbπ∗akt+φk)={Ss(t)=cos(ωmt+φk)=cos[(ωc+2Tbπ)t+φk],ak=1Sm(t)=cos(ωst+φk)=cos[(ωc−2Tbπ)t+φk],ak=−1其中kTb≤t≤(k+1)Tb
调制带宽:
Δ
f
=
f
m
−
f
s
=
1
2
π
π
T
b
=
1
2
T
b
=
R
b
2
\Delta f = f_m-f_s = \frac{1}{2\pi}\frac{\pi}{T_b}=\frac{1}{2T_b}=\frac{R_b}{2}
Δf=fm−fs=2π1Tbπ=2Tb1=2Rb
调制指数:
h
=
Δ
f
R
b
=
0.5
h= \frac{\Delta f}{R_b}=0.5
h=RbΔf=0.5。(
R
b
=
1
T
b
R_b = \frac{1}{T_b}
Rb=Tb1为码速率)
h
h
h越小,占用带宽越小(相同码速率下),带宽效率越高。
为什么h=0.5是最小调制指数
- 两个信号
S
m
(
t
)
S_m(t)
Sm(t)与
S
s
(
t
)
S_s(t)
Ss(t)的波形相关系数为:
ρ = 1 E b ∫ 0 T b S m ( t ) S s ( t ) d t = 1 E b ∫ 0 T b cos ( ω m t ) cos ( ω s t ) d t = 1 2 E b ∫ 0 T b cos [ ( ω m + ω s ) t ] + cos [ ( ω m − ω s ) t ] d t = 1 2 E b [ 1 ω m + ω s sin ( ω m + ω s ) t ∣ 0 T b + 1 ω m − ω s sin ( ω m − ω s ) t ∣ 0 T b ] = 1 2 E b [ sin ( ω m + ω s ) T b ω m + ω s + sin ( ω m − ω s ) T b ω m − ω s ] \begin{aligned} \rho &=\frac{1}{E_b}\int_{0}^{T_b}S_m(t)S_s(t)\mathrm{d}t\\ &= \frac{1}{E_b}\int_{0}^{T_b}\cos(\omega_mt)\cos(\omega_st)\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\frac{1}{2E_b}\int_{0}^{T_b}\cos[(\omega_m+\omega_s)t]+\cos[(\omega_m-\omega_s)t]\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\frac{1}{2E_b}[\frac{1}{\omega_m+\omega_s}\sin(\omega_m+\omega_s)t|_{0}^{T_b}+\frac{1}{\omega_m-\omega_s}\sin(\omega_m-\omega_s)t|_{0}^{T_b}]\\ &=\frac{1}{2E_b}[\frac{\sin(\omega_m+\omega_s)T_b}{\omega_m+\omega_s} + \frac{\sin(\omega_m-\omega_s)T_b}{\omega_m-\omega_s}] \end{aligned} ρ=Eb1∫0TbSm(t)Ss(t)dt=Eb1∫0Tbcos(ωmt)cos(ωst)dt=2Eb1∫0Tbcos[(ωm+ωs)t]+cos[(ωm−ωs)t]dt=2Eb1[ωm+ωs1sin(ωm+ωs)t∣0Tb+ωm−ωs1sin(ωm−ωs)t∣0Tb]=2Eb1[ωm+ωssin(ωm+ωs)Tb+ωm−ωssin(ωm−ωs)Tb] - 信号的能量表达式为:
E b = ∫ 0 T b S s 2 ( t ) d t = ∫ 0 T b S m 2 ( t ) d t = ∫ 0 T b cos 2 ( ω s t ) d t = 1 2 ∫ 0 T b cos ( 2 ω s t ) + 1 d t = 1 4 ω s sin 2 ω s T b + T b 2 = 1 4 ω s sin 2 ( ω c − π 2 T b ) T b + T b 2 = T b 2 \begin{aligned} E_b &= \int_{0}^{T_b}S_s^2(t)\mathrm{d}t = \int_{0}^{T_b}S_m^2(t)\mathrm{d}t \\ &=\int_{0}^{T_b}\cos^2(\omega_st)\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{T_b}\cos(2\omega_st)+1\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\frac{1}{4\omega_s}\sin2\omega_sT_b+\frac{T_b}{2}\\ &=\frac{1}{4\omega_s}\sin2(\omega_c-\frac{\pi}{2T_b})T_b+\frac{T_b}{2}\\ &=\frac{T_b}{2} \end{aligned} Eb=∫0TbSs2(t)dt=∫0TbSm2(t)dt=∫0Tbcos2(ωst)dt=21∫0Tbcos(2ωst)+1dt=4ωs1sin2ωsTb+2Tb=4ωs1sin2(ωc−2Tbπ)Tb+2Tb=2Tb
因此相关系数的表达式为: ρ = sin ( ω m + ω s ) T b ( ω m + ω s ) T b + sin ( ω m − ω s ) T b ( ω m − ω s ) T b \rho=\frac{\sin(\omega_m+\omega_s)T_b}{(\omega_m+\omega_s)T_b} + \frac{\sin(\omega_m-\omega_s)T_b}{(\omega_m-\omega_s)T_b} ρ=(ωm+ωs)Tbsin(ωm+ωs)Tb+(ωm−ωs)Tbsin(ωm−ωs)Tb - 已知,为了便于控制,两个信号是正交,即相关系数为0:
先令, ( ω m + ω s ) T b = n π (\omega_m+\omega_s)T_b=n\pi (ωm+ωs)Tb=nπ,则有 ( ω m + ω s ) T b = 2 ω c T b = 4 π f c T b = n π (\omega_m+\omega_s)T_b = 2\omega_cT_b=4\pi f_cT_b=n\pi (ωm+ωs)Tb=2ωcTb=4πfcTb=nπ, T b = n 4 T c T_b=\frac{n}{4T_c } Tb=4Tcn,因此码元周期是1/4载波周期的整数倍。此时相关系数:
ρ = sin ( ω m − ω s ) T b ( ω m − ω s ) T b \rho=\frac{\sin(\omega_m-\omega_s)T_b}{(\omega_m-\omega_s)T_b} ρ=(ωm−ωs)Tbsin(ωm−ωs)Tb
证明h=0.5是最小调制指数有如下两方法:
方法一, ρ = 0 \rho=0 ρ=0,可得 ( ω m − ω s ) T b = n π (\omega_m-\omega_s)T_b=n\pi (ωm−ωs)Tb=nπ,显然当 n = 1 n=1 n=1时,调制指数: h = Δ f R b = ω m − ω s 2 π R b = 0.5 h= \frac{\Delta f}{R_b}=\frac{\omega_m-\omega_s}{2\pi R_b}=0.5 h=RbΔf=2πRbωm−ωs=0.5为最小值;
方法二,将 h = ω m − ω s 2 π R b h=\frac{\omega_m-\omega_s}{2\pi R_b} h=2πRbωm−ωs带入可化解为 ρ = sin 2 π h 2 π h \rho=\frac{\sin2\pi h}{2\pi h} ρ=2πhsin2πh,如图所示:
因此,相关系数为0时,所对应的h(频差)并非单一值。但只有在h=0.5时取值最小。所以,MSK是一种满足两个信号正交的条件,且频差最小的FSK。
MSK信号波形
因为每个码元周期
T
b
T_b
Tb是
1
4
\frac{1}{4}
41的载波周期
T
c
T_c
Tc的整数倍,设
T
b
=
N
T
c
+
m
4
T
c
T_b = NT_c + \frac{m}{4}T_c
Tb=NTc+4mTc
即
T
b
=
(
N
+
m
4
)
1
f
c
T_b =(N+ \frac{m}{4})\frac{1}{f_c}
Tb=(N+4m)fc1,所以:
f
m
=
f
c
+
f
d
=
(
N
+
m
4
)
1
T
b
+
1
4
T
b
=
(
N
+
m
+
1
4
)
1
T
b
f
s
=
f
c
−
f
d
=
(
N
+
m
4
)
1
T
b
−
1
4
T
b
=
(
N
+
m
−
1
4
)
1
T
b
f_m= f_c+f_d=(N+ \frac{m}{4})\frac{1}{T_b}+\frac{1}{4T_b}=(N+ \frac{m+1}{4})\frac{1}{T_b}\\ f_s=f_c-f_d=(N+ \frac{m}{4})\frac{1}{T_b}-\frac{1}{4T_b}=(N+ \frac{m-1}{4})\frac{1}{T_b}
fm=fc+fd=(N+4m)Tb1+4Tb1=(N+4m+1)Tb1fs=fc−fd=(N+4m)Tb1−4Tb1=(N+4m−1)Tb1
因此,在一个码元周期
T
b
T_b
Tb内,包含
f
m
f_m
fm或
f
s
f_s
fs都是
1
4
\frac{1}{4}
41的整数倍,两者之差
f
m
−
f
s
=
1
2
T
b
f_m-f_s=\frac{1}{2T_b}
fm−fs=2Tb1,固定为半个周期。
例子:如果
T
b
=
1
,
N
=
1
,
m
=
0
T_b=1,N=1,m=0
Tb=1,N=1,m=0,则
f
m
=
5
4
,
f
s
=
3
4
,
f
c
=
1
f_m=\frac{5}{4},f_s=\frac{3}{4} ,f_c=1
fm=45,fs=43,fc=1。
如果其码元
a
(
t
)
a(t)
a(t)为:
则其信号波形
S
M
S
K
(
t
)
S_{MSK} (t)
SMSK(t)为(黄色部分):