为何需要多线程?
1、进行耗时操作时,可以处理用户的其他输入输出。比如,如果在UI线程里面进行耗时操作,界面会不响应用户操作。
2、提升程序性能。现在的电脑一般都是多核CPU,多线程并行处理事务,可以大大提升程序的性能。
针对第一点,为我们定位界面不响应问题指明了一个方向;针对第二点,为我们提升软件处理效率指明了一个方向。
那么,基于Qt开发的应用程序,如何实现多线程呢?
目录
2、继承QObject,调用void QObject::moveToThread(QThread *targetThread)。
使用多线程之前,特别需要注意的一点是:
非UI线程不能操作UI对象(从QWidget直接或间接派生的窗口对象)
1、继承QThread,重载run函数。
这种方法比较适用于处理耗时很长的业务。示例代码如下:
class WorkerThread : public QThread
{
Q_OBJECT
void run() override {
QString result;
/* ... here is the expensive or blocking operation ... */
emit resultReady(result);
}
signals:
void resultReady(const QString &s);
};
void MyObject::startWorkInAThread()
{
WorkerThread *workerThread = new WorkerThread(this);
connect(workerThread, &WorkerThread::resultReady, this, &MyObject::handleResults);
connect(workerThread, &WorkerThread::finished, workerThread, &QObject::deleteLater);
workerThread->start();
}
需要注意以下几点:
1)run函数在新线程中执行,run函数执行结束,线程结束。
2)WorkerThread实例化的对象属于创建他的线程,而不是run函数所在线程。
3)WorkerThread没有事件循环,除非在run()函数中调用exec();
4)队列连接到WorkerThread的slot函数,slot函数在创建WorkerThread对象的线程中执行。
5)直接调用WorkerThread的方法,该方法的执行线程为调用处的线程。
2、继承QObject,调用void QObject::moveToThread(QThread *targetThread)。
class Worker : public QObject
{
Q_OBJECT
public slots:
void doWork(const QString ¶meter) {
QString result;
/* ... here is the expensive or blocking operation ... */
emit resultReady(result);
}
signals:
void resultReady(const QString &result);
};
class Controller : public QObject
{
Q_OBJECT
QThread workerThread;
public:
Controller() {
Worker *worker = new Worker;
worker->moveToThread(&workerThread);
connect(&workerThread, &QThread::finished, worker, &QObject::deleteLater);
connect(this, &Controller::operate, worker, &Worker::doWork);
connect(worker, &Worker::resultReady, this, &Controller::handleResults);
workerThread.start();
}
~Controller() {
workerThread.quit();
workerThread.wait();
}
public slots:
void handleResults(const QString &);
signals:
void operate(const QString &);
};
3、QThreadPool and QRunnabl。
class HelloWorldTask : public QRunnable
{
void run() override
{
qDebug() << "Hello world from thread" << QThread::currentThread();
}
};
HelloWorldTask *hello = new HelloWorldTask();
// QThreadPool takes ownership and deletes 'hello' automatically
QThreadPool::globalInstance()->start(hello);
注意:
4、Qt Concurrent。
QtConcurrent提供了高级api,使编写多线程程序时,不需要使用诸如互斥锁、读写锁、等待条件或信号量等低级线程安全类。具体用法,我们下回分解。传送门:Qt Concurrent 线程使用详解
extern void aFunction();
QFuture<void> future = QtConcurrent::run(aFunction);
QList<QImage> images = ...;
// Each call blocks until the entire operation is finished.
QList<QImage> future = QtConcurrent::blockingMapped(images, scaled);
QtConcurrent::blockingMap(images, scale);
QImage collage = QtConcurrent::blockingMappedReduced(images, scaled, addToCollage);
QStringList strings = ...;
// each call blocks until the entire operation is finished
QStringList lowerCaseStrings = QtConcurrent::blockingFiltered(strings, allLowerCase);
QtConcurrent::blockingFilter(strings, allLowerCase);
QSet<QString> dictionary = QtConcurrent::blockingFilteredReduced(strings, allLowerCase, addToDictionary);
5、测试代码
main.cpp
#include "qtthreaddemo.h"
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QThread>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QApplication a(argc, argv);
qDebug() << "Main Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
QtThreadDemo w;
w.show();
return a.exec();
}
qtthreaddemo.h
#pragma once
#include <QtWidgets/QWidget>
#include "ui_qtthreaddemo.h"
class WorkerThread1;
class WorkerThread2;
class QtThreadDemo : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
QtThreadDemo(QWidget *parent = Q_NULLPTR);
private slots:
void on_btnCreateThread1_clicked();
void on_btnSlotFun_clicked();
void on_btnCreateThread2_clicked();
void on_btnTestOrders_clicked();
void on_btnRunnableThread_clicked();
void workerThreadEnd();
signals:
void run_slot();
private:
Ui::QtThreadDemoClass ui;
WorkerThread1 *m_pThread1 = nullptr;
WorkerThread2 *m_pThread2 = nullptr;
};
qtthreaddemo.cpp
#include "qtthreaddemo.h"
#include "workerthread1.h"
#include "workerthread2.h"
#include "runnablethread.h"
#include <QDebug>
#include <QThreadPool>
QtThreadDemo::QtThreadDemo(QWidget *parent)
: QWidget(parent)
{
ui.setupUi(this);
}
void QtThreadDemo::on_btnCreateThread1_clicked()
{
qDebug() << "btnCreateThread clicked Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
m_pThread1 = new WorkerThread1(this);
connect(this, SIGNAL(run_slot()), m_pThread1, SLOT(doJob()), Qt::QueuedConnection);
connect(m_pThread1, SIGNAL(finished()), this, SLOT(workerThreadEnd()));
m_pThread1->start();
}
void QtThreadDemo::on_btnSlotFun_clicked()
{
qDebug() << "btnSlotFun clicked Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
emit run_slot();
}
void QtThreadDemo::on_btnCreateThread2_clicked()
{
qDebug() << "btnCreateThread2 clicked";
if (m_pThread2 == nullptr)
{
m_pThread2 = new WorkerThread2(nullptr);
}
m_pThread2->doJob();
}
void QtThreadDemo::on_btnTestOrders_clicked()
{
qDebug() << "btnTestOrders clicked";
if (m_pThread2 == nullptr)
{
m_pThread2 = new WorkerThread2(nullptr);
}
m_pThread2->testOrder();
}
void QtThreadDemo::on_btnRunnableThread_clicked()
{
qDebug() << "btnRunnableThread clicked";
RunnableThread *pThread = new RunnableThread;
QThreadPool::globalInstance()->tryStart(pThread);
QThread::msleep(2000);
//QThreadPool::globalInstance()->tryStart(pThread); //会发生异常
}
void QtThreadDemo::workerThreadEnd()
{
qDebug() << "Worker Thread Ended!";
}
workthread1.h
#pragma once
#include <QThread>
class WorkerThread1 : public QThread
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
WorkerThread1(QObject *parent);
~WorkerThread1();
static void publicFun();
protected:
void run();
private slots:
void doJob();
};
workerthread1.cpp
#include "workerthread1.h"
#include <QDebug>
WorkerThread1::WorkerThread1(QObject *parent)
: QThread(parent)
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread1 Object Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
}
WorkerThread1::~WorkerThread1()
{
}
void WorkerThread1::publicFun()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread1::publicFun Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
}
void WorkerThread1::run()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread1 Create Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
}
void WorkerThread1::doJob()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread1 Slot-doJob Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
}
workerthread2.h
#pragma once
#include <QObject>
class QThread;
class WorkerThread2 : public QObject
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
WorkerThread2(QObject *parent);
~WorkerThread2();
void doJob();
void testOrder();
private slots:
void onDoJob();
void onOrder1();
void onOrder2();
void onOrder3();
signals:
void sig_do_job();
void sig_order1();
void sig_order2();
void sig_order3();
private:
QThread *m_pThread;
};
workerthread2.cpp
#include "workerthread2.h"
#include <QThread>
#include <QDebug>
#include "workerthread1.h"
WorkerThread2::WorkerThread2(QObject *parent)
: QObject(parent)
{
m_pThread = new QThread;
moveToThread(m_pThread);
m_pThread->start();
connect(this, SIGNAL(sig_do_job()), this, SLOT(onDoJob()), Qt::QueuedConnection);
connect(this, SIGNAL(sig_order1()), this, SLOT(onOrder1()), Qt::QueuedConnection);
connect(this, SIGNAL(sig_order2()), this, SLOT(onOrder2()), Qt::QueuedConnection);
connect(this, SIGNAL(sig_order3()), this, SLOT(onOrder3()), Qt::QueuedConnection);
}
WorkerThread2::~WorkerThread2()
{
}
void WorkerThread2::doJob()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::doJob thread id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
emit sig_do_job();
}
void WorkerThread2::testOrder()
{
emit sig_order1();
emit sig_order2();
emit sig_order3();
}
void WorkerThread2::onDoJob()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::onDoJob thread id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
WorkerThread1::publicFun();
}
void WorkerThread2::onOrder1()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::onOrder1 begin";
QThread::msleep(1000);
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::onOrder1 end";
}
void WorkerThread2::onOrder2()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::onOrder2 begin";
QThread::msleep(1000);
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::onOrder2 end";
}
void WorkerThread2::onOrder3()
{
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::onOrder3 begin";
QThread::msleep(1000);
qDebug() << "WorkerThread2::onOrder3 end";
}
runnablethread.h
#pragma once
#include <QRunnable>
class RunnableThread : public QRunnable
{
public:
RunnableThread();
~RunnableThread();
void run();
};
runnablethread.cpp
#include "runnablethread.h"
#include <QDebug>
#include <QThread>
RunnableThread::RunnableThread()
{
}
RunnableThread::~RunnableThread()
{
}
void RunnableThread::run()
{
qDebug() << "RunnableThread::run Thread Id:" << QThread::currentThreadId();
}
运行结果: