VC中的多重继承与虚拟继承



多重继承举例

#include <iostream>
              
class A
{
    A()
    {
        std::cout<< "A structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~A()
    {
        std::cout<< "A destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
class B :
    public A
{
public:
    B()
    {
        std::cout<< "B structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~B()
    {
        std::cout<< "B destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
class C :
    public A
{
public:
    C()
    {
        std::cout<< "C structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~C()
    {
        std::cout<< "C destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
class D :
    public B,
    public C
{
public:
    D()
    {
        std::cout<< "D structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~D()
    {
        std::cout<< "D destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    D d;
    std::cout<<std::endl;
    return 0;
}

运行之后输出结果如下：
A structure.
B structure.
A structure.
C structure.
D structure.

D destructure.
C destructure.
A destructure.
B destructure.
A destructure.
可以看到，对于对象d无论是构造还是析构，都对父类A进行了重复调用，为了解决这种问题，C++引入了虚拟继承技术。以下代码是将上面例子修改为虚拟继承的实现方法：

#include <iostream>
              
class A
{
    A()
    {
        std::cout<< "A structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~A()
    {
        std::cout<< "A destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
class B :
    virtual public A
{
public:
    B()
    {
        std::cout<< "B structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~B()
    {
        std::cout<< "B destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
class C :
    virtual public A
{
public:
    C()
    {
        std::cout<< "C structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~C()
    {
        std::cout<< "C destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
class D :
    public B,
    public C
{
public:
    D()
    {
        std::cout<< "D structure." << std::endl;
    }
              
    virtual ~D()
    {
        std::cout<< "D destructure." << std::endl;
    }
};
              
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    D d;
    std::cout<<std::endl;
    return 0;
}

在上面代码中类B和类C继承类A时，类A前都有virtual关键字的修饰，这时的继承就是虚拟继承。
运行之后输出结果如下：
A structure.
B structure.
C structure.
D structure.

D destructure.
C destructure.
B destructure.
A destructure.