OpenGL学习笔记：加载模型

加载模型需要使用Assimp来屏蔽掉不同工具的模型文件，Assimp的gayhub
简单说一下，不同的3D编辑工具生成的模型文件格式是不同的，Assimp的作用就是将不同的模型文件转换成相同的格式，然后OpenGL再将Assimp的格式转换成OpenGL的数据格式。Assimp是怎么转换其他模型格式的我们不需要关心，但是我们需要关心转换后的统一的数据格式，因为我们需要将这个格式转换到OpenGL中。关于Assimp的统一数据格式这里就不多介绍了，大家可以自行查看原版教程或者是Assimp的官方资料
关于本例需要说明的是，原版教程中出于程序设计的角度对一些操作进行的面向对象的封装，但通常来说，封装的越好，对工作流程的理解也就越麻烦，这里为了方便理解Assimp的使用流程，尽量不去封装，只有一个必须写成函数的操作进行了函数封装。

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <windows.h>

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <assimp/Importer.hpp>
#include <assimp/scene.h>
#include <assimp/postprocess.h>

const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

// 定义摄像机的初始信息
glm::vec3 cameraPos = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);		// 位置向量
glm::vec3 cameraFront = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);	// 方向向量
glm::vec3 cameraUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);		// 上向量

														// 控制移动速度
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

// 上一次鼠标的位置，默认是屏幕中心
float lastX = 400;
float lastY = 300;

float yaw = -90.0f;
float pitch = 0.0f;
float fov = 45.0f;

bool firstMouse = true;

// 本例需要两个着色器
const char *vertexShaderSource = R"1234(#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoords;

out vec2 TexCoords;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    TexCoords = aTexCoords;    
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
)1234";

// 这个是被光照射的物体的片段着色器，从uniform变量中接受物体的颜色和光源的颜色。
// 将光照的颜色和物体自身的颜色作分量相乘，结果就是最终要显示出来的颜色向量
const char *fragmentShaderSource = R"1234(#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in vec2 TexCoords;

uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse1;

void main()
{    
    FragColor = texture(texture_diffuse1, TexCoords);
}
)1234";


struct Vertex {
	glm::vec3 Position;
	glm::vec3 Normal;
	glm::vec2 TexCoords;
};

struct Texture {
	unsigned int id;
	std::string type;
	aiString path;  // 我们储存纹理的路径用于与其它纹理进行比较
};

struct Mesh
{
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
	std::vector<unsigned int> indices;
	std::vector<Texture> textures;

	unsigned int VAO, VBO, EBO;
};

std::vector<Mesh> meshs;
std::string strModelPath = "D:/OpenGL/nanosuit/nanosuit.obj";
std::string strModelDirectory = strModelPath.substr(0, strModelPath.find_last_of('/'));

void processNode(aiNode *node, const aiScene *scene)
{
	// 处理节点所有的网格（如果有的话）
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumMeshes; i++)
	{
		// 取出当前节点的网格
		// Scene下的mMeshes数组储存了真正的Mesh对象
		// 节点中的mMeshes数组保存的只是场景中网格数组的索引
		aiMesh *aimesh = scene->mMeshes[node->mMeshes[i]];

		// 取出网格后将网格的数据转换为OpenGL中的数据格式
		Mesh mesh;

		for (unsigned int j = 0; j < aimesh->mNumVertices; j++)
		{
			Vertex vertex;
			// 处理顶点位置、法线和纹理坐标
			glm::vec3 vector;
			vector.x = aimesh->mVertices[j].x;
			vector.y = aimesh->mVertices[j].y;
			vector.z = aimesh->mVertices[j].z;
			vertex.Position = vector;

			vector.x = aimesh->mNormals[j].x;
			vector.y = aimesh->mNormals[j].y;
			vector.z = aimesh->mNormals[j].z;
			vertex.Normal = vector;

			// 网格是否有纹理坐标？
			if (aimesh->mTextureCoords[0])
			{
				glm::vec2 vec;
				vec.x = aimesh->mTextureCoords[0][j].x;
				vec.y = aimesh->mTextureCoords[0][j].y;
				vertex.TexCoords = vec;
			}
			else
			{
				vertex.TexCoords = glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);
			}

			mesh.vertices.push_back(vertex);
		}

		// 处理索引
		// 每个网格里都有一个face数组，每个元素都代表了一个图元，我们这里就是一个三角形
		// 而每个图元又包含多个顶点索引，就是之前索引缓冲对象章节中的那个索引
		// 有了顶点和索引就可以使用glDrawElements来绘图了，像之前章节中介绍的一样
		for (unsigned int j = 0; j < aimesh->mNumFaces; j++)
		{
			aiFace face = aimesh->mFaces[j];
			for (unsigned int k = 0; k < face.mNumIndices; k++)
				mesh.indices.push_back(face.mIndices[k]);
		}

		// 处理材质
		if (aimesh->mMaterialIndex >= 0)
		{
			// 取出材质
			aiMaterial *material = scene->mMaterials[aimesh->mMaterialIndex];
			// 加载漫反射
			for (unsigned int j = 0; j < material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE); j++)
			{
				// 获取纹理文件路径
				aiString str;
				material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, j, &str);

				std::string filename = std::string(str.C_Str());
				filename = strModelDirectory + '/' + filename;

				// 读取纹理文件创建纹理
				unsigned int textureID;
				glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

				int width, height, nrComponents;
				unsigned char *data = stbi_load(filename.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
				if (data)
				{
					GLenum format;
					if (nrComponents == 1)
						format = GL_RED;
					else if (nrComponents == 3)
						format = GL_RGB;
					else if (nrComponents == 4)
						format = GL_RGBA;

					glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
					glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
					glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

					stbi_image_free(data);
				}
				else
				{
					std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << filename << std::endl;
				}

				Texture texture;
				texture.id = textureID;
				texture.type = "texture_diffuse";
				texture.path = str;
				mesh.textures.push_back(texture);
			}

			// 加载镜面反光
			for (unsigned int j = 0; j < material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_SPECULAR); j++)
			{
				// 获取纹理文件路径
				aiString str;
				material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_SPECULAR, j, &str);

				std::string filename = std::string(str.C_Str());
				filename = strModelDirectory + '/' + filename;

				// 读取纹理文件创建纹理
				unsigned int textureID;
				glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

				int width, height, nrComponents;
				unsigned char *data = stbi_load(filename.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
				if (data)
				{
					GLenum format;
					if (nrComponents == 1)
						format = GL_RED;
					else if (nrComponents == 3)
						format = GL_RGB;
					else if (nrComponents == 4)
						format = GL_RGBA;

					glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
					glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
					glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
					glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

					stbi_image_free(data);
				}
				else
				{
					std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << filename << std::endl;
				}

				Texture texture;
				texture.id = textureID;
				texture.type = "texture_specular";
				texture.path = str;
				mesh.textures.push_back(texture);
			}
		}

		// 顶点法线索引纹理之类的出读出来了，像之前章节一样，绑定VA0之类的
		glGenVertexArrays(1, &mesh.VAO);
		glGenBuffers(1, &mesh.VBO);
		glGenBuffers(1, &mesh.EBO);

		glBindVertexArray(mesh.VAO);
		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.VBO);

		glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &mesh.vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

		glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.EBO);
		glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
			&mesh.indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

		// 顶点位置
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
		glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0);
		// 顶点法线
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
		glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Normal));
		// 顶点纹理坐标
		glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
		glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, TexCoords));

		glBindVertexArray(0);

		meshs.push_back(mesh);
	}
	// 接下来对它的子节点重复这一过程
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumChildren; i++)
	{
		processNode(node->mChildren[i], scene);
	}
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow *window, int width, int height)
{
	// 每次窗口变化时重新设置图形的绘制窗口，可以理解为画布
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_SPACE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	// 由于前后平移方向上并没有改变，直接在观察方向上进行移动，所以直接加减就可以了
	// 但是左右平移需要在左右向量上进行加减，因此需要利用叉乘计算出右向量
	// glm::normalize是对右向量的标准化
	// 如果我们没对这个向量进行标准化，最后的叉乘结果会根据cameraFront变量返回大小不同的向量。
	// 如果我们不对向量进行标准化，我们就得根据摄像机的朝向不同加速或减速移动了，
	// 但如果进行了标准化移动就是匀速的。
	float cameraSpeed = 2.5f * deltaTime; // 相应调整
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
		cameraPos += cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
		cameraPos -= cameraSpeed * cameraFront;
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
		cameraPos -= glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
		cameraPos += glm::normalize(glm::cross(cameraFront, cameraUp)) * cameraSpeed;
}

void cursor_position_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double x, double y)
{
	// 防止第一次进入时图像跳动
	if (firstMouse)
	{
		lastX = x;
		lastY = y;
		firstMouse = false;
	}

	float xoffset = x - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - y; // 注意这里是相反的，因为y坐标是从底部往顶部依次增大的
	lastX = x;
	lastY = y;

	// 判断右键是否按下，如果不判断右键按下，每次移动鼠标都会转动视角
	// 但计算偏移量必须在if外面，否则右键没有按下时鼠标移动不会更新last坐标导致下次右键图像跳动
	if (glfwGetMouseButton(window, GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_RIGHT) == GLFW_PRESS)
	{
		float sensitivity = 0.5f;
		xoffset *= sensitivity;
		yoffset *= sensitivity;

		yaw += xoffset;
		pitch += yoffset;

		if (pitch > 89.0f)
			pitch = 89.0f;
		if (pitch < -89.0f)
			pitch = -89.0f;

		// 数学太渣，这里是真心看不懂
		glm::vec3 front;
		front.x = cos(glm::radians(pitch)) * cos(glm::radians(yaw));
		front.y = sin(glm::radians(pitch));
		front.z = cos(glm::radians(pitch)) * sin(glm::radians(yaw));
		cameraFront = glm::normalize(front);
	}
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
	if (fov >= 1.0f && fov <= 45.0f)
		fov -= yoffset;
	if (fov <= 1.0f)
		fov = 1.0f;
	if (fov >= 45.0f)
		fov = 45.0f;
}


int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	// 初始化，配置版本号，配置核心模式
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

	// 创建窗口
	GLFWwindow *window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "mytest", NULL, NULL);
	if (!window)
	{
		std::cout << "Create Window Error!\n";
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	// 注册窗口大小变化的回调函数
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, cursor_position_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
	// 让鼠标消失
	//	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

	// 初始化glad
	// 我们给GLAD传入了用来加载系统相关的OpenGL函数指针地址的函数。
	// GLFW给我们的是glfwGetProcAddress，它根据我们编译的系统定义了正确的函数。
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		glfwDestroyWindow(window);
		return -1;
	}

	// 从模型文件中加载模型到OpenGL
	Assimp::Importer import;
	const aiScene *scene = import.ReadFile(strModelPath, aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs);

	if (!scene || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE || !scene->mRootNode)
	{
		std::cout << "ERROR::ASSIMP::" << import.GetErrorString() << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	// 递归处理所有子节点
	processNode(scene->mRootNode, scene);

	// 本例对着色器的使用并不复杂，下面简单实现一下
	int success;
	char infoLog[512] = { 0 };

	unsigned int vertexShader;
	vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
	glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
	glCompileShader(vertexShader);

	glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
	if (!success)
	{
		glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, sizeof(infoLog), NULL, infoLog);
		std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
	}

	int fragmentShader;
	fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
	glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
	glCompileShader(fragmentShader);

	glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
	if (!success)
	{
		memset(infoLog, 0, sizeof(infoLog));
		glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, sizeof(infoLog), NULL, infoLog);
		std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
	}

	unsigned int shader;
	shader = glCreateProgram();

	glAttachShader(shader, vertexShader);
	glAttachShader(shader, fragmentShader);

	glLinkProgram(shader);

	glGetProgramiv(shader, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
	if (!success)
	{
		memset(infoLog, 0, sizeof(infoLog));
		glGetProgramInfoLog(shader, sizeof(infoLog), NULL, infoLog);
		std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINK_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
	}

	glUseProgram(shader);
	glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
	glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);

	
	// 启用深度测试
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

	// 创建渲染循环
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		// 处理输入事件
		processInput(window);

		// 清空背景颜色，这次设置为黑色背景
		glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
		// 由于我们使用了深度测试，所以需要再与上一个GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT清楚深度缓冲
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

		// 绘制物体
		glUseProgram(shader);

	
		glm::mat4 projection(1.0f);
		projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(fov), 800.0f / 600.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);

		glm::mat4 view(1.0f);
		view = glm::lookAt(cameraPos, cameraPos + cameraFront, cameraUp);
		glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
		glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));


		glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));

		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < meshs.size(); i++)
		{
			Mesh mesh = meshs[i];
			unsigned int diffuseNr = 1;
			unsigned int specularNr = 1;
			for (unsigned int j = 0; j < meshs[i].textures.size(); j++)
			{
				glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + j); // 在绑定之前激活相应的纹理单元
												  // 获取纹理序号（diffuse_textureN 中的 N）
				std::string number;
				std::string name = meshs[i].textures[j].type;
				if (name == "texture_diffuse")
					number = std::to_string(diffuseNr++);
				else if (name == "texture_specular")
					number = std::to_string(specularNr++);

				glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(shader, ("material." + name + number).c_str()), j);
				glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, meshs[i].textures[j].id);
			}
			glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);

			// 绘制网格
			glBindVertexArray(meshs[i].VAO);
			glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, meshs[i].indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
			glBindVertexArray(0);
		}

		glfwPollEvents();
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		Sleep(1);
	}

	// 测试代码，先允许存在内存泄露
// 	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
// 	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightVAO);
// 	glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	glfwDestroyWindow(window);

	return 0;
}