Linux 入门基础笔记

1. Network and hostname configuration

1. IP
a. Configure IP（intranet）, subnet mask，network gate，DNS
b. IP addresses of all computer are static 
c. Set IP：192.168.xxx.222
d. Set netmask：automatically
e. Set Network gate: 192.168.xxx.2
f. Set DNS: same as network gate (or use public DNS such as 8.8.8.8)
2. Hostname: naming rules （业务名称+序号.域名） e.g. bigdata-training01.xxxxx.com
a. set hostname temporarily：hostname+hostname
b. set hostname forever：vim /etc/sysconfig/network
c. Type 'i' to modify
d. Modify
e. Press 'esc', ':', 'wq'
f. Qualify: more /etc/sysconfig/network
3. set hostname & IP mapping
a. vim /etc/hosts
b. Type 'o'
c. 192.168.131.222 bigdata-training01.xxxxx.com

2. Remote tools

Need IP，username，password

3. Linux basis & file management

1. core: all is file
2. 内核core: 负责与硬件交互 + shell (解释器：用户与内核交互) + 驱动程序driver=os
3. File system: tree
a. Highest directory: /
b. Secondary directory
i. bin：command directory
ii. etc：configuration directory
iii. home：普通用户的home（=windows/user）
iv. opt：数据文件，应用程序可以放这
v. root：administation的home
vi. sbin：管理员才能执行的命令
vii. var：系统日志
viii. usr：默认软件安装的目录
c. Basic commands
i. ls：list列举目录下的文件
ls [-ald] [path]
-a 
-l 详细文件信息 =ll
-d 只列举本身，不包含子文件夹
ii. pwd：print work dirctory显示当前工作目录
iii. cd：change directory改变目录
iv. clear：清屏=ctrl+L
v. whereis：查看命令文件的位置
vi. history：命令的历史
d. File management commands
i. add:
1) touch：修改文件的访问时间 touch filename1 filename2 ……file name
2) mkdir：make directory创建文件夹 mkdir -p 递归创建
ii. delete: rm -rf path：remove 删除文件/文件夹 -r 递归 -f 确认
iii. modify: vim
iv. view: ls
v. copy: cp [-r] source target 复制过程中可以重命名
vi. clip: mv [-r] source target 剪切过程中可以重命名
vii. view:
1) cat：读取文件全部内容 cat [-n] path -n 显示行数
2) more：向下分页查看
3) less：向上或向下分页查看 'q' quit
4) head -n 10：查看文件前多少行
5) tail -n 20：查看文件后多少行 -F 动态查看文件的末尾

4. Users and commit management

1. User: /etc/passwd
a. user: password: user id: group id: group name: home directory: shell
b. default user: Root
c. common user：uder id is from 500
d. create new user: useradd username
e. set password: passwd username
f. delete user: userdel -r username -r delete user's home meantime
g. switch user: su - username    use exit to switch to root
2. Group: /etc/group
a. create group: groupadd
b. delete group: groupdel
3. Permission management
a. User type
i. 文件所有者（user） 同组用户（group） 其他人（other） 所有人（all）
b. Permission type
i. 读（read） 写（write） 执行（execute）
c. Permission expression
i. rwx r-x r--
d. Permission change
i. 字符修改 chmod o+w filename 增加其他人写权限
ii. 数字修改 
r：4
w：2
x：1
chmod 755 filename
e. Change author
i. chown [-R] username:groupname filename -R means Recursive, change all files above the path

5. Shutdown & other

1. Shutdown
a. shutdown -h now
b. init 0
c. halt
2. Reboot
a. reboot
b. init 6
3. Snapshot
4. Klone

6. Linux zip file management

1. Common format: rar, zip, gzip, bzip
2. Zip: support unzip
unzip filename
3. gzip: most common format, original file is unexcited, it can't compress a directory
a. gz filename
b. gunzip filename
4. bzip: original file is unexcited, it can't zip a directory
a. bzip2 filename
b. bunzip2 filename
5. tar: pack
a. pack: tar -zcvf filename.tar.gz path
b. unpack: tar -zxvf filename.tar.gz -C path
c. view package: tar -tvf filename
6. baip2
a. pack: tar -jcvf filename.tar.gz path
b. unpack: tar -jxcf filename.tar.gz -C path

7. Linux common tools & commands

1. visudo: 
a. service iptalbes status
b. all common user run any command as root
c. root ALL=ALL ALL
user ALL=(root) NOPASSWD:ALL
2. vim/vi editor
a. format: vim filename
b. model
i. command model
1) G: skip to last line
2) gg: skip to first line
3) yy: copy current line
4) p: paste current position
5) u: undo last command
6) dd: clip current line
7) ndd: clip n next lines
8) o: insert from next line
9) i: insert current line
ii. edit model
1) press 'esc' back to command model
iii. last line model
1) ':': enter command
2) x/wq: save and quit
3) q: quit
4) q!: forced exit without saving
5) /string: search "string"
6) 1,$s/nobody/8888/g: replace "nobody" with "8888" from line 1 to end
c. man: help
d. find: find file
i. find path [name/type/user/group]
ii. find /etc -name init* Find files contains init within /etc
find /etc/ -size -1000k Find files which size more than 1000kB within /etc
find /etc/ -size +10k -a -100k Find files which size between 10kB and 1000kB within /etc
e. du: display file size. -s current diretory -h 人性化显示
f. wc: 统计文本中行数-l、单词数-w、字符数-c

8. Disk management

1. Servicer
2. 8 x HD slots
3. fdisk -l: list all HD info
4. df -h: list mounted info
5. primary partition (max number: 4)
6. extended partition (max number: 1)
7. multiple logical partition under extended partition
8. install new HD
a. insert HD
b. fdisk -l
c. format: mkfs 

9. System management

1. Network management
a. ifconfig: view current network info
b. route -n: view routing info
2. Service management
a. service: start, stop, view status, restart
i. firewall: service iptables status/start/stop/restart
ii. /etc/init.d: all Linux services are here
b. start services with power on
i. chkconfig iptables on|off|--list
ii. chkconfig iptables --list: view status
3. Port
netstat -atunlp: view all ports are running
i. -a: all
ii. -t: tcp protocol
iii. -u: udp protocol
iv. -n: port number
4. Process management
a. top
such as task manager
b. ps -ef: view process
ps -ef | gerp keyword
c. jps: java process
d. kill: kill a process
kill -9(process ID) pid

10. Software management

1. Common software type
a. in windows: exe, msi, portable, bat
b. in Linux: rpm, source
2. rpm installation
a. rpm -qa | grep java: check whether java has installed
b. rpm -ivh package name: install software
c. rpm -e package name: uninstall software
d. rpm has a defect: dependence 
3. yum installation (from network|local houseware)
a. yum install -y package name: install software without confirm
b. yum remove -y package name: uninstall software
c. yum list: software you can install
d. yum list installed: software you have installed
4. Source compiling
a. c/c++
i. ./configured
ii. make
iii. make install
b. java
Maven
5. Package naming rules
software name-ver1-ver2-osversion

11. Linux variable

1. Environment variable
a. /etc/profile: manage environment variable of all users
b. ~/.bash_profile: manage environment variable of special user
2. Location variable
a. $1-$9: refer parameter No.1 to No.9
b. at beginning of shell: #!/bin/bash
c. parameter: ${name}
d. echo = print
e. $?: the result of last command
i. 0: run last command successfully
ii. !0:  run last command fail
f. $*: all parameter as entirety
g. $@: all parameter as array
h. $#: numbers of parameter
3. Customize variable
a. format: key=value
b. no type
c. name="my name is"
d. system variable is uppercase letter
4. Regular expression
a. .: single random char
b. *: multiple char
c. .*:
d. [0-9]
e. [a-z]
f. [A-Z]
g. ^
h. $
i. \ 
j. grep: filter -v: inverse choice
k. sed: for low treatment
sed 's/nologin/8888/s' passwd: replace nologin with 8888 (original file is not edited)
l. awk: for column treatment
awk -F ':' '/root/{print $1}' passwd
5. Logic judgement
a. && -and
b. || -or
c. :: no relationship
6. Judgement
a. number 
i. [ $a -eq $b ]
ii. (($a==$b))
b. string
i. []
ii. -z: is empty
iii. -n: is unemptied
iv. -e
v. -f
vi. -d
vii. -r, -w, -x
c. numerical calculate
i. $[$a+$b]
ii. $((a+b))
iii. expr $a + $b
d. date
i. date -s "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"
ii. set format: date +"%y-%m-%d"
iii. date -d '-1 day' +"%y-%m-%d'

12. Shell script

1. An executable file
2. Have permission to run
3. Use command sh to run
4. Grammar
a. for cycle
for [condition]
do 
done
b. while cycle
read: get user typing
read - p "please enter your info" NAME
while [condition]
do
done
c. if judge
if [condition]
then []
elif [condition]
then []
else []
fi
d. case
-case $var in
value1 ;;
[]
value2 ;;
[]
esac
e. timing task
i. crontab -e: edit a timing task
ii. grammar 
iii.

min	hour	day	month	week	command	comment
0~59	0~23	1~31	1~12	0~7
25	12	*	*	*	sh for.sh >> /haha.txt	run /haha.txt at 21:25
*	3,6,9	*	*	*	sh …	run … at 3, 6, 9 o'clock
*	3-5	*	*	*	sh …	run … during 3 to 5 o'clock
*	*/1	*	*	*	sh …	run … every hour

f. "#"在"%"的左边，当使用#的时候，就说明截掉左边的内容，反之%就是从右边开始截掉。而##和%%就是最大化的截掉。
var=abcd.txt.gt  
echo ${var#*.} txt.gt
echo ${var##*.} gt
echo ${var%.*} abcd.txt
echo ${var%%.*} abcd