17个案例带你3分钟搞定Linux正则表达式

作者丨ansheng
https://blog.ansheng.me/article/examples-of-linux-regular-expressions

 

正则表达式是一种字符模式，用于在查找过程中匹配制定的字符。

元字符通常在Linux中分为两类：

1. Shell元字符，由Linux Shell进行解析；
2. 正则表达式元字符，由vi/grep/sed/awk等文本处理工具进行解析；

正则表达式一般以文本行进行处理，在进行下面实例之前，先为grep命令设置--color参数：

$ alias grep='grep --color=auto'

这样每次过滤出来的字符串都会带色彩了。

在开始之前还需要做一件事情，就是创建一个测试用的re-file文件，内容如下：

$ cat re-file
I had a lovely time on our little picnic.
Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh
love, how much I adore you. Do you know
the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think
I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.
is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the
groove.

文件内容摘录自<<UNIX/SHELL范例精解第四版>>

$ cat linux.txt
Linux is a good 
god assdxw bcvnbvbjk
greatttttt  wexcvxc
operaaaating  dhfghfvx
gooodfs awrerdxxhkl
gdsystem awxxxx
glad
good

正则表达式元字符

元字符	功能
^	以什么开头
$	以什么结尾
.	匹配一个字符
*	匹配0个或多个
[]	匹配集合中的
[x-y]	匹配集合范围内的
[^ ]	匹配不在集合中的
\	转义

• 特殊的元字符

元字符	功能	实例	怎么匹配
\<	以什么开头	'\<love'	匹配以love开头的所有行
\>	以什么结尾	'love\>'	匹配love结尾的所有行
\(..\)	标签匹配以后使用的字符	'\(love\)able \1er'	用位置\1\2引导前面做好的标签，最大支持9个
x\{m\} or x\{m,\} or x\{m,n\}	重复字符x，m次，至少m次，至少m且不超过n次	o\{5,10\}	o字符重复5到10次的行

• 扩展的正则表达式

元字符	说明
+	重复前一个字符一个或一个以上
？	0个或者一个字符
|	表示或，查找多个字符串
()	分组过滤匹配

实操

• 匹配以love开头的所有行

$ grep '^love' re-file
love, how much I adore you. Do you know

• 匹配love结尾的所有行

$ grep 'love$' re-file
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.

• 匹配以l开头，中间包含两个字符，结尾是e的所有行

$ grep 'l..e' re-file
I had a lovely time on our little picnic.
love, how much I adore you. Do you know
the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think
I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.
is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the

• 匹配0个或多个空行，后面是love的字符

$ grep ' *love' re-file
I had a lovely time on our little picnic.
love, how much I adore you. Do you know
the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think
I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.

• 匹配love或Love

$ grep '[Ll]ove' re-file  # 对l不区分大小写
I had a lovely time on our little picnic.
Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh
love, how much I adore you. Do you know
the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think
I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.

• 匹配A-Z的字母，其次是ove

$ grep '[A-Z]ove' re-file
Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh

• 匹配不在A-Z范围内的任何字符行，所有的小写字符

$ grep '[^A-Z]' re-file
I had a lovely time on our little picnic.
Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh
love, how much I adore you. Do you know
the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think
I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.
is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the
groove.

• 匹配love.

$ grep 'love\.' re-file
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.

• 匹配空格

$ grep '^$' re-file

• 匹配任意字符

$ grep '.*' re-file
I had a lovely time on our little picnic.
Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh
love, how much I adore you. Do you know
the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think
I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.
is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the
groove.

• 前面o字符重复2到4次

$ grep 'o\{2,4\}' re-file
groove.

• 重复o字符至少2次

$ grep 'o\{2,\}' re-file
groove.

• 重复0字符最多2次

$ grep 'o\{,2\}' re-file
I had a lovely time on our little picnic.
Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh
love, how much I adore you. Do you know
the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think
I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of
clover. Did you see them?  I can only hope love.
is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the
groove.

• 重复前一个字符一个或一个以

$ egrep "go+d" linux.txt
Linux is a good
god assdxw bcvnbvbjk
gooodfs awrerdxxhkl
good

• 0个或者一个字符

ansheng@Ubuntu:/tmp$ egrep "go?d" linux.txt
god assdxw bcvnbvbjk
gdsystem awxxxx

• 或，查找多个字符串

$ egrep "gd|good" linux.txt
Linux is a good
gdsystem awxxxx
good

• 分组过滤匹配

$ egrep "g(la|oo)d" linux.txt
Linux is a good
glad
good