函数模板显示具体化

如果有多个原型，则编译器在选择原型时，非模板版本优先于显式具体化和模板版本 ，而显式其体化优先于使用模板生成的版本。例如，在下面的代码中，第一次调用Swap()时使用通用版本 ，而第二次调用使用基于job类型的显式具体化版木。

// twoswap.cpp -- specialization overrides a template
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
void Swap(T& a, T& b);
// explicit specialization 

struct job
{
    char name[40];
    double salary;
    int floor;
};

template <> void Swap<job>(job& j1, job& j2);
//非函数模板
void Show(job& j);

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    cout.precision(2);
    cout.setf(ios::fixed, ios::floatfield);
    int i = 10, j = 20;
    cout << "i, j = " << i << ", " << j << ".\n";
    cout << "Using compiler-generated int swapper:\n";
    Swap(i, j);    // generates void Swap(int &, int &)
    cout << "Now i, j = " << i << ", " << j << ".\n";

    job sue = { "Susan Yaffee", 73000.60, 7 };
    job sidney = { "Sidney Taffee", 78060.72, 9 };
    cout << "Before job swapping:\n";
    Show(sue);
    Show(sidney);
    Swap(sue, sidney); // uses void Swap(job &, job &)
    cout << "After job swapping:\n";
    Show(sue);
    Show(sidney);
    // cin.get();
    return 0;
}

template <typename T>
void Swap(T& a, T& b)    // general version
{
    T temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

// swaps just the salary and floor fields of a job structure

template <> void Swap<job>(job& j1, job& j2)  // specialization
{
    double t1;
    int t2;
    t1 = j1.salary;
    j1.salary = j2.salary;
    j2.salary = t1;
    t2 = j1.floor;
    j1.floor = j2.floor;
    j2.floor = t2;
}

void Show(job& j)
{
    using namespace std;
    cout << j.name << ": $" << j.salary
        << " on floor " << j.floor << endl;
}

Swap<job>中的<job>是可选的，因为函数的参数类型表明，这 是 job的一个具体化。因此，该原型也可以这样编写：
template <> void Swap(job &, job & ) ； / / simpler form