属性是C++/CLI的类成员,它类似于成员变量,但实际上不是。其主要区别在于,字段名引用了某个存储单元,而属性名则是调用某个函数。属性拥有访问属性的set()和get()函数。当我们使用属性名时,实际上在调用该函数的get()或set()函数。如果一个属性仅提供了get()函数,则它是只读属性;如果一个属性仅提供set()函数,则它是只写属性。
类可以有2种不同的属性:标量属性和索引属性。标量属性是指通过属性名来访问的单值;索引属性是利用属性名加方框号来访问的一组值。如 String类,其Length属性为标量属性,用object->Length来访问其长度,且Length是个只读属性。String还包含了索引属性,可以用object[idx]来访问字符串中第idx+1个字符。
属性可以与类的实例(类对象)相关,此时属性被称为实例属性,如String类的Length属性;如果用static修饰符指定属性,则属性为类属性,所有该类得实例都具有相同的属性值。
一、标量属性
标量属性是单值,用property关键字可定义标量属性,还需要定义其get()和set()函数,如下例所示
value class Height { private: // Records the height in feet and inches int feet; int inches; literal int inchesPerFoot = 12; literal double inchesToMeter = 2.54/100; public: // Create a height from inches value Height(int ins) { feet = ins/inchesPerFoot; inches = ins%inchesPerFoot; } // Create a height from feet and inches Height(int ft, int ins) : feet(ft), inches(ins) {}; // The height in meters as a property property double meters { double get() { return inchesToMeters * (feet*inchesPerFoot + inches); } } // Create a string representation of the object virtual String^ ToString() overrides { return feet + L" feet " + inches + L" inches"; } };
上面的例子定义了一个merters的属性,下面是属性的用法
Height ht = Height(6, 8); Console::WriteLine(L"The height is {0} meters", ht->meters);
属性不一定要定义成内联函数,也可以在.cpp中外部定义它,如在上例的定义中仅保留get()函数声明
property double meters { double get(); }
函数定义在.cpp中时,需要加类名和函数名的限定(但不需要返回值?),方法如下:
Height::meters::get() { return inchesToMeters*(feet*inchesPerFoot+inches); }
如果定义一个属性时,不提供get()和set()函数定义,这种属性被称为平凡标量属性。对于此类属性,编译器将提供一个默认的get()和set()实现,如下例所示:
value class Point { public: property int x; proterty int y; virtual String^ ToString() overrides { return L"("+x+L","+y+")"; // Result is (x,y) } };
下面是一个完整的例子,说明了标量属性的声明及其使用方法
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// Ex7_16.cpp : main project file. #include "stdafx.h" using namespace System; // Class defining a person's height value class Height { private: // Record the height in feet and inches int feet; int inches; literal int inchesPerFoot = 12; literal double inchesToMeters = 2.54/100; public: // Create a height from inches value Height(int ins) { feet = ins/inchesPerFoot; inches = ins%inchesPerFoot; } // Create a height from feet and inches Height(int ft, int ins) : feet(ft), inches(ins) {}; // The height in meters property double meters { double get() { return inchesToMeters*(feet*inchesPerFoot+inches); } } // Create a string representation of the object virtual String^ ToString() override { return feet + L" feet " + inches + L" inches"; } }; // Class defining a person's weight value class Weight { private: int lbs; int oz; literal int ouncesPerPound = 16; literal double lbsToKg = 1.0/2.2; public: Weight(int pounds, int ounces) { lbs = pounds; oz = ounces; } property int pounds { int get() { return lbs; } void set(int value) { lbs = value; } } property int ounces { int get() { return oz; } void set(int value) { oz = value; } } property double kilograms { double get() { return lbsToKg*(lbs+oz/ouncesPerPound); } } virtual String^ ToString() override { return lbs + L" pounds " + oz + L" ounces"; } }; ref class Person { private: Height ht; Weight wt; public: property String^ Name; Person(String^ name, Height h, Weight w) : ht(h), wt(w) { Name = name; } Height getHeight() { return ht; } Weight getWeight() { return wt; } }; int main(array<System::String ^> ^args) { Weight hisWeight = Weight(185, 7); Height hisHeight = Height(6, 3); Person^ him = gcnew Person(L"Fred", hisHeight, hisWeight); Weight herWeight = Weight(105, 3); Height herHeight = Height(5, 2); Person^ her = gcnew Person(L"Freda", herHeight, herWeight); Console::WriteLine(L"She is {0}", her->Name); Console::WriteLine(L"Her weight is {0:F2} kilograms.", her->getWeight().kilograms); Console::WriteLine(L"Her height is {0} which is {1:F2} meters.", her->getHeight(), her->getHeight().meters); Console::WriteLine(L"He is {0}", him->Name); Console::WriteLine(L"His weight is {0}", him->getWeight()); Console::WriteLine(L"His height is {0} which is {1:F2} meters.", him->getHeight(), him->getHeight().meters); return 0; }
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <<== 华丽的分割线 ::结束==>> [Ex7_16.cpp] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
输出为
She is Freda Her weight is 47.73 kilograms. Her height is 5 feet 2 inches which is 1.57 meters. He is Fred His weight is 185 pounds 7 ounces His height is 6 feet 3 inches which is 1.91 meters.
二、索引属性
索引属性是类的一组属性值,其访问方法同数组元素那样,在方括号内加索引值来访问。如果在方括号前面的是类对象的名称,则该索引属性被称为默认索引属性(如String^ obj可以用obj[idx]来访问字符串中第idx+1个字符),如果用属性名[idx]来访问索引属性值,则称为有名索引属性。下面的代码在类Name中定义了一个默认索引属性,
ref class Name { private: array<String^>^ Names; public: Name(...array<String^>^ names) : Names(names) {} // Indexed property to return any name property String^ default[int] { // Retrieve indexed property value String^ get(int index) { if(index >= Names->Length) throw gcnew Exception(L"Index out of range"); return Names[index]; } } };
在上面的例子中,如果将default换成别的名字,则该属性就成为一个有名索引属性。在定义索引属性时,方括号内用int指定了索引的数据类型为int型,它也可以是别的数据类型。访问索引属性的get()函数的形参其数据类型必须与属性名后方括号内类型相同;set()函数必须有2个形参,第一个指定索引,第二个指定属性元素的值。
下面是一个完整的例子,说明了索引属性的定义与使用方法。
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <<== 华丽的分割线 ::开始==>> [Ex7_17.cpp] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
// Ex7_17.cpp : main project file. #include "stdafx.h" using namespace System; ref class Name { private: array<String ^>^ Names; public: Name(...array<String ^>^ names) : Names(names) {} // Scalar property specifying number of names property int NameCount { int get() { return Names->Length; } } // Indexed property to return names property String^ default[int] { String ^ get(int index) { if(index >= Names->Length) throw gcnew Exception(L"Index out of range"); return Names[index]; } } }; int main(array<System::String ^> ^args) { Name^ myName = gcnew Name(L"Ebenezer", L"Isaiah", L"Ezra", L"Inigo", L"Whelkwhistle"); // List the names for(int i=0; i<myName->NameCount; i++) Console::WriteLine(L"Name {0} is {1}", i+1, myName[i]); return 0; }
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <<== 华丽的分割线 ::结束==>> [Ex7_17.cpp] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
输出为
Name 1 is Ebenezer Name 2 is Isaiah Name 3 is Ezra Name 4 is Inigo Name 5 is Whelkwhistle
索引属性的索引也可以不是整型,甚至可以不是数字,下面的例子定义了一个商店类,其属性Opening指定了商店的开门时间,访问该属性的索引有2个参数,如下面的例子所示
enum class Day { Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday }; // class defining a shop ref class Shop { public: property String^ Opening[Day, String^] // Opening times { String ^ get(Day day, String^ AmOrPm) { switch(day) { case Day::Saturday: if(AmOrPm == L"am") return L"9:00"; else return L"14:30"; break; case Day::Sunday: return L"closed"; break; default: if(AmOrPm == L"am") return L"9:30"; else return L"14:00"; break; } } } };
使用该类的方法如下
Shop^ shop = gcnew Shop; Console::WriteLine(shop->Opening(Day::Saturday, L"pm");
三、静态属性
静态属性为类的所有实例共有,类似于类的静态成员变量。通过在属性定义前添加修饰符static来定义,如下面的例子所示
value class Length { public: static property String ^ Units { String ^ get() { return L"feet and inches"; } } };
无论是否创建类实例,静态属性都存在。如果已经定义了类实例,则可以用实例名.属性名来访问静态属性。对于上面的例子如果已经定义了一个类对象len,则可以如此访问其静态属性:
Console::WriteLine(L"Class units are {0}.", len.Units);
注意:在定义了属性之后,对应的get_属性名和set_属性名自动成为系统保留名称,不能为其它目的而使用他们。如果定义了默认索引属性,则set_Item和get_Item也成为系统保留名称,不可被使用。