Linux ls命令解析

ls 指令可以说是Linux下最常用的指令之一。它有许多的选项,其中有许多是很有用的,你能否了解呢?下面列出了 ls 指令的绝大多数选项。

  一运用举例:

  1.列出具体文件 #ls -al //这个最常用,可是往往又不彻底符合要求,

  2.列出一切子目录的文件:#ls -R  //上个指令仅仅列出了本目录下的一切目录和文件,可是目录下的文件不会循环的列出。

  3.若是文件过多一屏看不完,怎么办?并且,关于想找到许多文件中的某个文件的姓名。

  3.1分屏显现:#ls -l|more  //能在当时屏退出,很有用,但不能一页一页翻屏

  #ls -l|less  //能用pgup,pgdw 翻页,但不能在当时方位退出

  3.2横向输出竟能够多的显现文件姓名:#ls -m         

  -a 列出目录下的一切文件,包含以 . 最初的隐含文件。//常用     

  -m 横向输出文件名,并以“,”作分格符。

  -c 输出文件的 i 节点的修正时刻,并以此排序。

  -R 列出一切子目录下的文件。

  -l 列出文件的具体信息。

  -s 在每个文件名后输出该文件的巨细。

  -k 以 k 字节的方式表明文件的巨细。

  -i 输出文件的 i 节点的索引信息。

  2.只显现目录:#ls -l |grep ^d     只显现非目录文件:#ls-l |grep ^[^d]

  3.对输出文件进行各种排序;

  3.1 依照字符序(default): #ls -l

  3.2 依照修正时刻排序: #ls -t  //近来修正在最上面

  3.3 逆排序         : #ls -r

  3.4 按文件巨细排序  :#ls -S  //大文件的在上

  3.5 依照文件扩展名(最终一个.后的字符)排序: #ls -X

  3.6 按数字排序        :#ls -lv

  -t 以时刻排序。

  -r 对目录反向排序

  -f -U 对输出的文件不排序。

  -X 以文件的扩展名(最终一个 . 后的字符)排序。

  -S 以文件巨细排序。

  -u 以文件前次被拜访的时刻排序。

  -n 用数字的 UID,GID 替代称号。

  -o 显现文件的除组信息外的具体信息。

  -p -F 在每个文件名后附上一个字符以阐明该文件的类型,“*”表明可执行的一般

  文件;“/”表明目录;“@”表明符号连接;“|”表明FIFOs;“=”表明套

  接字(sockets)。

  -q 用?替代不行输出的字符。

  。

下面来看看busybox对ls命令的实现


流程比较简单

先看下ls_main

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

int ls_main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	struct dnode **dnd;
	struct dnode **dnf;
	struct dnode **dnp;
	struct dnode *dn;
	struct dnode *cur;
	long opt;
	int nfiles = 0;
	int dnfiles;
	int dndirs;
	int oi;
	int ac;
	int i;
	char **av;
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_AUTOWIDTH
	char *tabstops_str = NULL;
	char *terminal_width_str = NULL;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
	char *color_opt;
#endif

	all_fmt = LIST_SHORT |
		(ENABLE_FEATURE_LS_SORTFILES * (SORT_NAME | SORT_ORDER_FORWARD));

#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_AUTOWIDTH
	/* Obtain the terminal width.  */
	get_terminal_width_height(STDOUT_FILENO, &terminal_width, NULL);
	/* Go one less... */
	terminal_width--;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
	bb_applet_long_options = ls_color_opt;
#endif

	/* process options */
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_AUTOWIDTH
	opt = bb_getopt_ulflags(argc, argv, ls_options, &tabstops_str, &terminal_width_str
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
		, &color_opt
#endif
		);
	if (tabstops_str) {
		tabstops = atoi(tabstops_str);
	}
	if (terminal_width_str) {
		terminal_width = atoi(terminal_width_str);
	}
#else
	opt = bb_getopt_ulflags(argc, argv, ls_options
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
		, &color_opt
#endif
		);
#endif
	for (i = 0; opt_flags[i] != (1U<<31); i++) {
		if (opt & (1 << i)) {
			unsigned int flags = opt_flags[i];

			if (flags & LIST_MASK_TRIGGER) {
				all_fmt &= ~LIST_MASK;
			}
			if (flags & STYLE_MASK_TRIGGER) {
				all_fmt &= ~STYLE_MASK;
			}
			if (ENABLE_FEATURE_LS_SORTFILES && (flags & SORT_MASK_TRIGGER)) {
				all_fmt &= ~SORT_MASK;
			}
			if (flags & DISP_MASK_TRIGGER) {
				all_fmt &= ~DISP_MASK;
			}
			if (flags & TIME_MASK) {
				all_fmt &= ~TIME_MASK;
			}
			if (flags & LIST_CONTEXT) {
				all_fmt |= STYLE_SINGLE;
			}
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_HUMAN_READABLE
			if (opt == 'l') {
				all_fmt &= ~LS_DISP_HR;
			}
#endif
			all_fmt |= flags;
		}
	}

#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
	{
		/* find color bit value - last position for short getopt */

#if CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR_IS_DEFAULT
		char *p;

		if ((p = getenv ("LS_COLORS")) != NULL &&
			(*p == '\0' || (strcmp(p, "none") == 0))) {
			;
		} else if (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
			show_color = 1;
		}
#endif

		if((opt & (1 << i))) {  /* next flag after short options */
			if (color_opt == NULL || strcmp("always", color_opt) == 0)
				show_color = 1;
			else if (color_opt != NULL && strcmp("never", color_opt) == 0)
				show_color = 0;
			else if (color_opt != NULL && strcmp("auto", color_opt) == 0 && isatty(STDOUT_FILENO))
				show_color = 1;
		}
	}
#endif

	/* sort out which command line options take precedence */
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_RECURSIVE
	if (all_fmt & DISP_NOLIST)
		all_fmt &= ~DISP_RECURSIVE;	/* no recurse if listing only dir */
#endif
	if (ENABLE_FEATURE_LS_TIMESTAMPS && ENABLE_FEATURE_LS_SORTFILES) {
		if (all_fmt & TIME_CHANGE)
			all_fmt = (all_fmt & ~SORT_MASK) | SORT_CTIME;
		if (all_fmt & TIME_ACCESS)
			all_fmt = (all_fmt & ~SORT_MASK) | SORT_ATIME;
	}
	if ((all_fmt & STYLE_MASK) != STYLE_LONG) /* only for long list */
		all_fmt &= ~(LIST_ID_NUMERIC|LIST_FULLTIME|LIST_ID_NAME|LIST_ID_NUMERIC);
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_USERNAME
	if ((all_fmt & STYLE_MASK) == STYLE_LONG && (all_fmt & LIST_ID_NUMERIC))
		all_fmt &= ~LIST_ID_NAME;	/* don't list names if numeric uid */
#endif

	/* choose a display format */
	if (!(all_fmt & STYLE_MASK))
		all_fmt |= (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) ? STYLE_COLUMNS : STYLE_SINGLE);

	/*
	 * when there are no cmd line args we have to supply a default "." arg.
	 * we will create a second argv array, "av" that will hold either
	 * our created "." arg, or the real cmd line args.  The av array
	 * just holds the pointers- we don't move the date the pointers
	 * point to.
	 */
	ac = argc - optind;	/* how many cmd line args are left */
	if (ac < 1) {
		static const char * const dotdir[] = { "." };

		av = (char **) dotdir;
		ac = 1;
	} else {
		av = argv + optind;
	}

	/* now, everything is in the av array */
	if (ac > 1)
		all_fmt |= DISP_DIRNAME;	/* 2 or more items? label directories */

	/* stuff the command line file names into an dnode array */
	dn = NULL;
	for (oi = 0; oi < ac; oi++) {
		cur = my_stat(av[oi], av[oi]);
		if (!cur)
			continue;
		cur->allocated = 0;
		cur->next = dn;
		dn = cur;
		nfiles++;
	}

	/* now that we know how many files there are
	   ** allocate memory for an array to hold dnode pointers
	 */
	dnp = dnalloc(nfiles);
	for (i = 0, cur = dn; i < nfiles; i++) {
		dnp[i] = cur;	/* save pointer to node in array */
		cur = cur->next;
	}

	if (all_fmt & DISP_NOLIST) {//仅显示指定目录信息,不显示子目录
		if (ENABLE_FEATURE_LS_SORTFILES) dnsort(dnp, nfiles);
		if (nfiles > 0)
			showfiles(dnp, nfiles);
	} else {
		dnd = splitdnarray(dnp, nfiles, SPLIT_DIR);
		dnf = splitdnarray(dnp, nfiles, SPLIT_FILE);
		dndirs = countdirs(dnp, nfiles);
		dnfiles = nfiles - dndirs;
		if (dnfiles > 0) {
			if (ENABLE_FEATURE_LS_SORTFILES) dnsort(dnf, dnfiles);
			showfiles(dnf, dnfiles);
			if (ENABLE_FEATURE_CLEAN_UP)
				free(dnf);
		}
		if (dndirs > 0) {
			if (ENABLE_FEATURE_LS_SORTFILES) dnsort(dnd, dndirs);
			showdirs(dnd, dndirs, dnfiles == 0);
			if (ENABLE_FEATURE_CLEAN_UP)
				free(dnd);
		}
	}
	if (ENABLE_FEATURE_CLEAN_UP)
		dfree(dnp, nfiles);
	return (status);
}

ls_main也是先对参数进行解析,然后看是否需要递归显示该目录下的所以字目录,我们这里看下只显示该目录下的文件,而不显示他们的字目录,调用showfiles

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static void showfiles(struct dnode **dn, int nfiles)
{
	int i, ncols, nrows, row, nc;
	int column = 0;
	int nexttab = 0;
	int column_width = 0; /* for STYLE_LONG and STYLE_SINGLE not used */

	if (dn == NULL || nfiles < 1)
		return;

	if (all_fmt & STYLE_ONE_RECORD_FLAG) {//格式的一些判断
		ncols = 1;
	} else {
		/* find the longest file name-  use that as the column width */
		for (i = 0; i < nfiles; i++) {
			int len = strlen(dn[i]->name) +
#ifdef CONFIG_SELINUX
			((all_fmt & LIST_CONTEXT) ? 33 : 0) +
#endif
			((all_fmt & LIST_INO) ? 8 : 0) +
			((all_fmt & LIST_BLOCKS) ? 5 : 0);
			if (column_width < len)
				column_width = len;
		}
		column_width += tabstops;
		ncols = (int) (terminal_width / column_width);
	}

	if (ncols > 1) {
		nrows = nfiles / ncols;
		if ((nrows * ncols) < nfiles)
			nrows++;                /* round up fractionals */
	} else {
		nrows = nfiles;
		ncols = 1;
	}

	for (row = 0; row < nrows; row++) {
		for (nc = 0; nc < ncols; nc++) {
			/* reach into the array based on the column and row */
			i = (nc * nrows) + row;	/* assume display by column */
			if (all_fmt & DISP_ROWS)
				i = (row * ncols) + nc;	/* display across row */
			if (i < nfiles) {
				if (column > 0) {
					nexttab -= column;
					while (nexttab--) {
						putchar(' ');
						column++;
					}
			}
				nexttab = column + column_width;
				column += list_single(dn[i]);//显示一行信息
		}
		}
		putchar('\n');
		column = 0;
	}
}

Showfiles先对显示中间的一些空格,TAB长度做一些判断,然后调用list_single显示一行信息。

/*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static int list_single(struct dnode *dn)
{
	int i, column = 0;

#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_USERNAME
	char scratch[16];
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_TIMESTAMPS
	char *filetime;
	time_t ttime, age;
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_FILETYPES) || defined (CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR)
	struct stat info;
	char append;
#endif

	if (dn->fullname == NULL)
		return (0);

#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_TIMESTAMPS
	ttime = dn->dstat.st_mtime;	/* the default time */
	if (all_fmt & TIME_ACCESS)
		ttime = dn->dstat.st_atime;
	if (all_fmt & TIME_CHANGE)
		ttime = dn->dstat.st_ctime;
	filetime = ctime(&ttime);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_FILETYPES
	append = append_char(dn->dstat.st_mode);
#endif

	for (i = 0; i <= 31; i++) {
		switch (all_fmt & (1 << i)) {
		case LIST_INO:
			column += printf("%7ld ", (long int) dn->dstat.st_ino);
			break;
		case LIST_BLOCKS:
#if _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64
			column += printf("%4lld ", (long long)dn->dstat.st_blocks >> 1);
#else
			column += printf("%4ld ", dn->dstat.st_blocks >> 1);
#endif
			break;
		case LIST_MODEBITS:
			column += printf("%-10s ", (char *) bb_mode_string(dn->dstat.st_mode));
			break;
		case LIST_NLINKS:
			column += printf("%4ld ", (long) dn->dstat.st_nlink);
			break;
		case LIST_ID_NAME://显示用户名
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_USERNAME
			bb_getpwuid(scratch, dn->dstat.st_uid, sizeof(scratch));
			printf("%-8.8s ", scratch);
			bb_getgrgid(scratch, dn->dstat.st_gid, sizeof(scratch));
			printf("%-8.8s", scratch);
			column += 17;
			break;
#endif
		case LIST_ID_NUMERIC:
			column += printf("%-8d %-8d", dn->dstat.st_uid, dn->dstat.st_gid);
			break;
		case LIST_SIZE:
		case LIST_DEV:
			if (S_ISBLK(dn->dstat.st_mode) || S_ISCHR(dn->dstat.st_mode)) {
				column += printf("%4d, %3d ", (int) major(dn->dstat.st_rdev),
					   (int) minor(dn->dstat.st_rdev));
			} else {
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_HUMAN_READABLE
				if (all_fmt & LS_DISP_HR) {
					column += printf("%9s ",
							make_human_readable_str(dn->dstat.st_size, 1, 0));
				} else
#endif
				{
#if _FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64
					column += printf("%9lld ", (long long) dn->dstat.st_size);
#else
					column += printf("%9ld ", dn->dstat.st_size);
#endif
				}
			}
			break;
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_TIMESTAMPS
		case LIST_FULLTIME:
			printf("%24.24s ", filetime);
			column += 25;
			break;
		case LIST_DATE_TIME:
			if ((all_fmt & LIST_FULLTIME) == 0) {
				age = time(NULL) - ttime;
				printf("%6.6s ", filetime + 4);
				if (age < 3600L * 24 * 365 / 2 && age > -15 * 60) {
					/* hh:mm if less than 6 months old */
					printf("%5.5s ", filetime + 11);
				} else {
					printf(" %4.4s ", filetime + 20);
				}
				column += 13;
			}
			break;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SELINUX
		case LIST_CONTEXT:
			{
				char context[80];
				int len = 0;

				if (dn->sid) {
				  /*  I assume sid initilized with NULL  */
				  len = strlen(dn->sid)+1;
				  safe_strncpy(context, dn->sid, len);
				  freecon(dn->sid);
				}else {
				  safe_strncpy(context, "unknown", 8);
				}
				printf("%-32s ", context);
				column += MAX(33, len);
			}
			break;
#endif
		case LIST_FILENAME:
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
			errno = 0;
			if (show_color && !lstat(dn->fullname, &info)) {
				printf("\033[%d;%dm", bgcolor(info.st_mode),
					   fgcolor(info.st_mode));
			}
#endif
			column += printf("%s", dn->name);
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
			if (show_color) {
				printf("\033[0m");
			}
#endif
			break;
		case LIST_SYMLINK:
			if (S_ISLNK(dn->dstat.st_mode)) {
				char *lpath = xreadlink(dn->fullname);

				if (lpath) {
					printf(" -> ");
#if defined(CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_FILETYPES) || defined (CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR)
					if (!stat(dn->fullname, &info)) {
						append = append_char(info.st_mode);
					}
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
					if (show_color) {
						errno = 0;
						printf("\033[%d;%dm", bgcolor(info.st_mode),
							   fgcolor(info.st_mode));
					}
#endif
					column += printf("%s", lpath) + 4;
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_COLOR
					if (show_color) {
						printf("\033[0m");
					}
#endif
					free(lpath);
				}
			}
			break;
#ifdef CONFIG_FEATURE_LS_FILETYPES
		case LIST_FILETYPE:
			if (append != '\0') {
				printf("%1c", append);
				column++;
			}
			break;
#endif
		}
	}

	return column;
}

list_single根据all_fmt值(即ls的参数),显示相关的信息,这里主要看用户名是如何显示的。

这里linux和android的实现是不一样的,因为Android没有/etc/passwd、也就没有办法保存uid和他对应的name,而且在Android上面我们不需要使用adduser去为每个应用新建一个用户的,我们看一下Android里面的用户名是怎么来的。


这是获取用户名的流程,那getgrgid_r是在那实现的呢,没错,是bonic

在\bionic\libc\bionic\Stubs.cpp中


最终是通过print_app_name_from_appid_userid来获取用户名的

static void print_app_name_from_appid_userid(const uid_t appid,
    const uid_t userid, char* buffer, const int bufferlen) {
    __libc_android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "leaves app_id_from_name", "leave appid = %d", appid);
  if (appid >= AID_ISOLATED_START) {
    snprintf(buffer, bufferlen, "u%u_i%u", userid, appid - AID_ISOLATED_START);
  } else if (userid == 0 && appid >= AID_SHARED_GID_START) {
    snprintf(buffer, bufferlen, "all_a%u", appid - AID_SHARED_GID_START);
  } else if (appid < AID_APP) {//小于应用id的起始值
    for (size_t n = 0; n < android_id_count; n++) {
      if (android_ids[n].aid == appid) {
        snprintf(buffer, bufferlen, "u%u_%s", userid, android_ids[n].name);
        return;
      }
    }
  } else {
    snprintf(buffer, bufferlen, "u%u_a%u", userid, appid - AID_APP);//应用程序的uid name
  }
   __libc_android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "leaves app_id_from_name", "leave buffer = %s", buffer);
}

从代码中可以看到,应用程序最终的name 都是u +uid + _ + a + appid –AID_APP

如下图:


Uid都是0

 

Linux下面的实现也是类似的,其getpwuid_r是在glic中实现的,这里就没去研究。


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