一、前言
《剑指Offer》中题12
二、题目
请设计一个函数,用来判断在一个矩阵中是否存在一条包含某字符串所有字符的路径。路径可以从矩阵中的任意一个格子开始,每一步可以在矩阵中向左,向右,向上,向下移动一个格子。如果一条路径经过了矩阵中的某一个格子,则该路径不能再进入该格子。 例如在下面的3x4的矩阵中包含一条字符串"bcced"的路径(路径中的字母用斜体表示)。但是矩阵中不包含"abcb"路径,因为字符串的第一个字符b占据了矩阵中的第一行第二个格子之后,路径不能再次进入这个格子。
三、思路
这是一个可以用回溯法解决的典型问题。循环矩阵找到第一个和目标字符串首字符相同的位置,然后上下左右寻找下一个配置的字符,以此往下寻找,如果向左,向右,向上,向下没有匹配的字符则返回到上一个节点,如果一直到最后一个字符都能匹配则说明有匹配的路径。
四、注意事项
1. 越界判断:在向左,向右,向上,向下搜索如果超出了矩阵范围则需要返回false;
2. 不重复进过相同的格子,我们可以用一个数组来记录对于格子是否已经被范围过,但需要注意当我们经过的格子无法匹配到路径的时候需要将该格子恢复到未进过的状态;
五、编码实现
// StringPathInMatrix.cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
bool hasPathCore(const char* matrix, int rows, int cols, int row, int col, const char* str, int pathLength, bool* visited);
bool hasPath(const char* matrix, int rows, int cols, const char* str)
{
if(matrix == nullptr || rows < 1 || cols < 1 || str == nullptr)
return false;
bool *visited = new bool[rows*cols];
memset(visited, 0, rows*cols);
for(int row = 0; row < rows; ++row)
{
for(int col = 0; col < cols; ++col)
{
if(str[0] == matrix[row*cols+col])
{
if (hasPathCore(matrix, rows, cols, row, col, str, 0, visited))
{
return true;
}
}
}
}
delete[] visited;
return false;
}
bool hasPathCore(const char* matrix, int rows, int cols, int row,
int col, const char* str, int pathLength, bool* visited)
{
if(str[pathLength] == '\0')
return true;
if( matrix == nullptr ||
str == nullptr ||
visited == nullptr ||
col < 0 || col > cols ||
row < 0 || row > rows ||
matrix[row*cols+col] != str[pathLength] ||
visited[row*cols+col] == true)
{
return false;
}
++pathLength;
visited[row*cols+col] = true;
bool hasPath = false;
hasPath = hasPathCore(matrix, rows, cols, row+1, col, str, pathLength, visited) ||
hasPathCore(matrix, rows, cols, row, col+1, str, pathLength, visited) ||
hasPathCore(matrix, rows, cols, row-1, col, str, pathLength, visited) ||
hasPathCore(matrix, rows, cols, row, col-1, str, pathLength, visited);
if(!hasPath)
{
visited[row*cols+col] = false;
--pathLength;
}
return hasPath;
}
// ====================测试代码====================
void Test(const char* testName, const char* matrix, int rows, int cols, const char* str, bool expected)
{
if(testName != nullptr)
printf("%s begins: ", testName);
if(hasPath(matrix, rows, cols, str) == expected)
printf("Passed.\n");
else
printf("FAILED.\n");
}
//ABTG
//CFCS
//JDEH
//BFCE
void Test1()
{
const char* matrix = "ABTGCFCSJDEH";
const char* str = "BFCE";
Test("Test1", (const char*) matrix, 3, 4, str, true);
}
//ABCE
//SFCS
//ADEE
//SEE
void Test2()
{
const char* matrix = "ABCESFCSADEE";
const char* str = "SEE";
Test("Test2", (const char*) matrix, 3, 4, str, true);
}
//ABTG
//CFCS
//JDEH
//ABFB
void Test3()
{
const char* matrix = "ABTGCFCSJDEH";
const char* str = "ABFB";
Test("Test3", (const char*) matrix, 3, 4, str, false);
}
//ABCEHJIG
//SFCSLOPQ
//ADEEMNOE
//ADIDEJFM
//VCEIFGGS
//SLHECCEIDEJFGGFIE
void Test4()
{
const char* matrix = "ABCEHJIGSFCSLOPQADEEMNOEADIDEJFMVCEIFGGS";
const char* str = "SLHECCEIDEJFGGFIE";
Test("Test4", (const char*) matrix, 5, 8, str, true);
}
//ABCEHJIG
//SFCSLOPQ
//ADEEMNOE
//ADIDEJFM
//VCEIFGGS
//SGGFIECVAASABCEHJIGQEM
void Test5()
{
const char* matrix = "ABCEHJIGSFCSLOPQADEEMNOEADIDEJFMVCEIFGGS";
const char* str = "SGGFIECVAASABCEHJIGQEM";
Test("Test5", (const char*) matrix, 5, 8, str, true);
}
//ABCEHJIG
//SFCSLOPQ
//ADEEMNOE
//ADIDEJFM
//VCEIFGGS
//SGGFIECVAASABCEEJIGOEM
void Test6()
{
const char* matrix = "ABCEHJIGSFCSLOPQADEEMNOEADIDEJFMVCEIFGGS";
const char* str = "SGGFIECVAASABCEEJIGOEM";
Test("Test6", (const char*) matrix, 5, 8, str, false);
}
//ABCEHJIG
//SFCSLOPQ
//ADEEMNOE
//ADIDEJFM
//VCEIFGGS
//SGGFIECVAASABCEHJIGQEMS
void Test7()
{
const char* matrix = "ABCEHJIGSFCSLOPQADEEMNOEADIDEJFMVCEIFGGS";
const char* str = "SGGFIECVAASABCEHJIGQEMS";
Test("Test7", (const char*) matrix, 5, 8, str, false);
}
//AAAA
//AAAA
//AAAA
//AAAAAAAAAAAA
void Test8()
{
const char* matrix = "AAAAAAAAAAAA";
const char* str = "AAAAAAAAAAAA";
Test("Test8", (const char*) matrix, 3, 4, str, true);
}
//AAAA
//AAAA
//AAAA
//AAAAAAAAAAAAA
void Test9()
{
const char* matrix = "AAAAAAAAAAAA";
const char* str = "AAAAAAAAAAAAA";
Test("Test9", (const char*) matrix, 3, 4, str, false);
}
//A
//A
void Test10()
{
const char* matrix = "A";
const char* str = "A";
Test("Test10", (const char*) matrix, 1, 1, str, true);
}
//A
//B
void Test11()
{
const char* matrix = "A";
const char* str = "B";
Test("Test11", (const char*) matrix, 1, 1, str, false);
}
void Test12()
{
Test("Test12", nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr, false);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
Test1();
Test2();
Test3();
Test4();
Test5();
Test6();
Test7();
Test8();
Test9();
Test10();
Test11();
Test12();
return 0;
}
执行结果: