程序员的自我修养 ch3 目标文件

最新推荐文章于 2021-12-12 09:44:06 发布

nomad2

最新推荐文章于 2021-12-12 09:44:06 发布

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分类专栏： Unix/Linux 文章标签： ELF format object file Object file section symbol

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参考《程序员的自我修养》ch3

1. 目标文件的种类

>> file hello.o
hello.o: ELF 32-bit LSB relocatable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), not stripped

>> file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.8, stripped

>> file /lib/tls/i686/cmov/librt-2.9.so
/lib/tls/i686/cmov/librt-2.9.so: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.15, stripped

2. ELF的格式

>> cat ch3.c
int global_init_var = 84;
int global_uninit_var;


void func1(int i)
{
        printf("%d\n",i);
}


int main()
{
        static int static_var = 85;
        static int static_var2;


        int a = 1;
        int b;


        func1(static_var +static_var2 + a + b);
        return 0;
}

使用objdump查看section,

>> objdump -h ch3.o

ch3.o:     file format elf32-i386

Sections:
Idx Name          Size      VMA       LMA       File off  Algn
  0 .text         0000005d  00000000  00000000  00000034  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, RELOC, READONLY, CODE
  1 .data         00000008  00000000  00000000  00000094  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
  2 .bss          00000004  00000000  00000000  0000009c  2**2
                  ALLOC
  3 .rodata       00000004  00000000  00000000  0000009c  2**0
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
  4 .comment      00000024  00000000  00000000  000000a0  2**0
                  CONTENTS, READONLY
  5 .note.GNU-stack 00000000  00000000  00000000  000000c4  2**0
                  CONTENTS, READONLY

查看各个section的大小

>> size ch3.o
   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
     97       8       4     109      6d ch3.o

2.1 .text

>> objdump -s -d ch3.o

ch3.o:     file format elf32-i386

Contents of section .text:
 0000 5589e583 ec088b45 08894424 04c70424  U......E..D$...$
 0010 00000000 e8fcffff ffc9c38d 4c240483  ............L$..
 0020 e4f0ff71 fc5589e5 5183ec14 c745f801  ...q.U..Q....E..
 0030 0000008b 15040000 00a10000 00008d04  ................
 0040 020345f8 0345f489 0424e8fc ffffffb8  ..E..E...$......
 0050 00000000 83c41459 5d8d61fc c3        .......Y].a..
Contents of section .data:
 0000 54000000 55000000                    T...U...
Contents of section .rodata:
 0000 25640a00                             %d..
Contents of section .comment:
 0000 00474343 3a202855 62756e74 7520342e  .GCC: (Ubuntu 4.
 0010 332e332d 35756275 6e747534 2920342e  3.3-5ubuntu4) 4.
 0020 332e3300                             3.3.

Disassembly of section .text:

00000000 <func1>:
   0:   55                      push   %ebp
   1:   89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
   3:   83 ec 08                sub    $0x8,%esp
   6:   8b 45 08                mov    0x8(%ebp),%eax
   9:   89 44 24 04             mov    %eax,0x4(%esp)
   d:   c7 04 24 00 00 00 00    movl   $0x0,(%esp)
  14:   e8 fc ff ff ff          call   15 <func1+0x15>
  19:   c9                      leave
  1a:   c3                      ret

0000001b <main>:
  1b:   8d 4c 24 04             lea    0x4(%esp),%ecx
  1f:   83 e4 f0                and    $0xfffffff0,%esp
  22:   ff 71 fc                pushl  -0x4(%ecx)
  25:   55                      push   %ebp
  26:   89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
  28:   51                      push   %ecx
  29:   83 ec 14                sub    $0x14,%esp
  2c:   c7 45 f8 01 00 00 00    movl   $0x1,-0x8(%ebp)
  33:   8b 15 04 00 00 00       mov    0x4,%edx
  39:   a1 00 00 00 00          mov    0x0,%eax
  3e:   8d 04 02                lea    (%edx,%eax,1),%eax
  41:   03 45 f8                add    -0x8(%ebp),%eax
  44:   03 45 f4                add    -0xc(%ebp),%eax
  47:   89 04 24                mov    %eax,(%esp)
  4a:   e8 fc ff ff ff          call   4b <main+0x30>
  4f:   b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
  54:   83 c4 14                add    $0x14,%esp
  57:   59                      pop    %ecx
  58:   5d                      pop    %ebp
  59:   8d 61 fc                lea    -0x4(%ecx),%esp
  5c:   c3                      ret

2.2 .data

.data : 保存初始化的全局变量和局部静态变量
“54000000”即84，可以看出是LSB。对应的，如果是MSB，则为“00000054”。（这是看出一个系统的大小端的另一个方法，无须运行程序，只需编译）。
objcopy - copy and translate object files

>> objcopy -I binary -O elf32-i386 -B i386 background.jpg b.o
[iotanfs: /home/honghaos/c/xiu ]
>> file b.o
b.o: ELF 32-bit LSB relocatable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), not stripped
>> objdump -ht b.o

b.o:     file format elf32-i386

Sections:
Idx Name          Size      VMA       LMA       File off  Algn
  0 .data         0000d8e1  00000000  00000000  00000034  2**0
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
SYMBOL TABLE:
00000000 l    d  .data  00000000 .data
00000000 g       .data  00000000 _binary_background_jpg_start
0000d8e1 g       .data  00000000 _binary_background_jpg_end
0000d8e1 g       *ABS*  00000000 _binary_background_jpg_size

2.3 使用自定义section

>> cat ch3_1.c
__attribute__((section("FOO"))) int global = 42;

>> objdump -d -s ch3_1.o

ch3_1.o:     file format elf32-i386

Contents of section FOO:
 0000 2a000000                             *...
Contents of section .comment:
 0000 00474343 3a202855 62756e74 7520342e  .GCC: (Ubuntu 4.
 0010 332e332d 35756275 6e747534 2920342e  3.3-5ubuntu4) 4.
 0020 332e3300                             3.3.

3 ELF文件的头部

>> readelf -h ch3.o
ELF Header:
  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  Class:                             ELF32
  Data:                              2's complement, little endian
  Version:                           1 (current)
  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V
  ABI Version:                       0
  Type:                              REL (Relocatable file)
  Machine:                           Intel 80386
  Version:                           0x1
  Entry point address:               0x0
  Start of program headers:          0 (bytes into file)
  Start of section headers:          280 (bytes into file)
  Flags:                             0x0
  Size of this header:               52 (bytes)
  Size of program headers:           0 (bytes)
  Number of program headers:         0
  Size of section headers:           40 (bytes)
  Number of section headers:         11
  Section header string table index: 8

格式定义在：/usr/include/elf.h (http://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=elf/elf.h)

/* The ELF file header.  This appears at the start of every ELF file.  */

#define EI_NIDENT (16)

typedef struct
{
  unsigned char	e_ident[EI_NIDENT];	/* Magic number and other info */
  Elf32_Half	e_type;			/* Object file type */
  Elf32_Half	e_machine;		/* Architecture */
  Elf32_Word	e_version;		/* Object file version */
  Elf32_Addr	e_entry;		/* Entry point virtual address */
  Elf32_Off	e_phoff;		/* Program header table file offset */
  Elf32_Off	e_shoff;		/* Section header table file offset */
  Elf32_Word	e_flags;		/* Processor-specific flags */
  Elf32_Half	e_ehsize;		/* ELF header size in bytes */
  Elf32_Half	e_phentsize;		/* Program header table entry size */
  Elf32_Half	e_phnum;		/* Program header table entry count */
  Elf32_Half	e_shentsize;		/* Section header table entry size */
  Elf32_Half	e_shnum;		/* Section header table entry count */
  Elf32_Half	e_shstrndx;		/* Section header string table index */
} Elf32_Ehdr;

4. section表

e_shoff指定了section header的偏移量，使用"objdump -h"仅能显示重要的段，使用“readelf -S”来显示所有的段。

>> readelf.exe -S ch3.o
There are 11 section headers, starting at offset 0x118:

Section Headers:
  [Nr] Name              Type            Addr     Off    Size   ES Flg Lk Inf Al
  [ 0]                   NULL            00000000 000000 000000 00      0   0  0
  [ 1] .text             PROGBITS        00000000 000034 00005d 00  AX  0   0  4
  [ 2] .rel.text         REL             00000000 00041c 000028 08      9   1  4
  [ 3] .data             PROGBITS        00000000 000094 000008 00  WA  0   0  4
  [ 4] .bss              NOBITS          00000000 00009c 000004 00  WA  0   0  4
  [ 5] .rodata           PROGBITS        00000000 00009c 000004 00   A  0   0  1
  [ 6] .comment          PROGBITS        00000000 0000a0 000024 00      0   0  1
  [ 7] .note.GNU-stack   PROGBITS        00000000 0000c4 000000 00      0   0  1
  [ 8] .shstrtab         STRTAB          00000000 0000c4 000051 00      0   0  1
  [ 9] .symtab           SYMTAB          00000000 0002d0 0000f0 10     10  10  4
  [10] .strtab           STRTAB          00000000 0003c0 00005c 00      0   0  1
Key to Flags:
  W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
  I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
  O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)

section header的定义，

/* Section header.  */

typedef struct
{
  Elf32_Word	sh_name;		/* Section name (string tbl index) */
  Elf32_Word	sh_type;		/* Section type */
  Elf32_Word	sh_flags;		/* Section flags */
  Elf32_Addr	sh_addr;		/* Section virtual addr at execution */
  Elf32_Off	sh_offset;		/* Section file offset */
  Elf32_Word	sh_size;		/* Section size in bytes */
  Elf32_Word	sh_link;		/* Link to another section */
  Elf32_Word	sh_info;		/* Additional section information */
  Elf32_Word	sh_addralign;		/* Section alignment */
  Elf32_Word	sh_entsize;		/* Entry size if section holds table */
} Elf32_Shdr;

.rel.text : 重定位表
.shstrtab : section header string table
.strtab : 字符串表

4.1 符号表：Symbol table (.symtab)

>> nm -C ch3.o
00000000 T func1
00000000 D global_init_var
00000004 C global_uninit_var
0000001b T main
         U printf
00000004 d static_var.1198
00000000 b static_var2.1199

定义如下，

/* Symbol table entry.  */

typedef struct
{
  Elf32_Word	st_name;		/* Symbol name (string tbl index) */
  Elf32_Addr	st_value;		/* Symbol value */
  Elf32_Word	st_size;		/* Symbol size */
  unsigned char	st_info;		/* Symbol type and binding */
  unsigned char	st_other;		/* Symbol visibility */
  Elf32_Section	st_shndx;		/* Section index */
} Elf32_Sym;

查看一个目标文件中的所有符号，

>> readelf -s ch3.o

Symbol table '.symtab' contains 15 entries:
   Num:    Value  Size Type    Bind   Vis      Ndx Name
     0: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  LOCAL  DEFAULT  UND
     1: 00000000     0 FILE    LOCAL  DEFAULT  ABS ch3.c
     2: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    1
     3: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    3
     4: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    4
     5: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    5
     6: 00000000     4 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT    4 static_var2.1199
     7: 00000004     4 OBJECT  LOCAL  DEFAULT    3 static_var.1198
     8: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    7
     9: 00000000     0 SECTION LOCAL  DEFAULT    6
    10: 00000000     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT    3 global_init_var
    11: 00000000    27 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 func1
    12: 00000000     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT  UND printf
    13: 0000001b    66 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 main
    14: 00000004     4 OBJECT  GLOBAL DEFAULT  COM global_uninit_var

4.1.1 符号修饰与函数签名

>> gcc -fleading-underscore -c ch3.c

>> nm -C ch3.o
00000000 T _func1
00000000 D _global_init_var
00000004 C _global_uninit_var
0000001b T _main
         U _printf
00000004 d _static_var.1198
00000000 b _static_var2.1199

Demangle C++ Symbols

>> /usr/bin/c++filt _ZN1N1C4funcEi
N::C::func(int)
>> /usr/bin/c++filt _ZZ4mainE3foo
main::foo
>> c++filt _ZZ4funcvE3foo
func()::foo

>> cat  ch3_5.c
#include <stdio.h>
namespace myname {
        int var = 42;
}

extern "C" int _ZN6myname3varE;

int main()
{
        printf( "%d\n", _ZN6myname3varE );
        return 0;
}

>> g++ ch3_5.c
>> ./a.out
42

4.1.2 extern "C"的作用

>> cat func.c
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;

int func()
{
        printf("Hello world!\n");
}

>> g++ -c func.c
>> readelf -s func.o
     9: 0000000000000000    21 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 _Z4funcv

上面的例子里，C++编译后，func()的符号名变为_Z4funcv

使用extern "C"修饰符后，

>> cat func.c
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;

extern "C" {
int func()
{
        printf("Hello world!\n");
}
}
>> g++ -c func.c
>> readelf -s func.o
     9: 0000000000000000    21 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 func

推广，查看/usr/include/string.h,可以发现下面的语句，为了同时支持C和C++中使用。

__BEGIN_DECLS

...
__END_DECLS

这两个宏是在文件/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h定义的，

/* C++ needs to know that types and declarations are C, not C++.  */
#ifdef  __cplusplus
# define __BEGIN_DECLS  extern "C" {
# define __END_DECLS    }
#else
# define __BEGIN_DECLS
# define __END_DECLS
#endif

4.1.3 弱符号与强符号
对于C/C++语言来说，编译器默认函数和初始化了的全局变量为强符号，未初始化的全局变量为弱符号。我们也可以通过GCC的"__attribute__((weak))"来定义任何一个强符号为弱符号。注意，强符号和弱符号都是针对定义来说的，不是针对符号的引用。

针对强弱符号的概念，链接器就会按如下规则处理与选择被多次定义的全局符号：

规则1：不允许强符号被多次定义（即不同的目标文件中不能有同名的强符号）；如果有多个强符号定义，则链接器报符号重复定义错误。
规则2：如果一个符号在某个目标文件中是强符号，在其他文件中都是弱符号，那么选择强符号。
规则3：如果一个符号在所有目标文件中都是弱符号，那么选择其中占用空间最大的一个。比如目标文件A定义全局变量global为int型，占4个字节；目标文件B定义global为double型，占8个字节，那么目标文件A和B链接后，符号global占8个字节（尽量不要使用多个不同类型的弱符号，否则容易导致很难发现的程序错误）。

例如在两个.c文件中，同时定义一个未初始化的全局变量，编译时是可以通过的，因为它们都是弱符号。

4.1.4 弱引用和强引用

>> cat weakref.c
//__attribute__((weakref)) void foo();
void foo() __attribute__((weak));

int main()
{
        foo();
}

>> gcc weakref.c
>> ./a.out
Memory fault(coredump)

在Linux程序的设计中，如果一个程序被设计成可以支持单线程或多线程的模式，就可以通过弱引用的方法来判断当前的程序是链接到了单线程的Glibc库还是多线程的Glibc库（是否在编译时有-lpthread选项），从而执行单线程版本的程序或多线程版本的程序。
例如：

>> cat p.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_create(
        pthread_t*,
        const pthread_attr_t*,
        void* (*)(void*),
        void*) __attribute__ ((weak));

int main()
{
        if(pthread_create) {
                printf("This is multi-thread version!\n");
                // run the multi-thread version
                // main_multi_thread()
        } else {
                printf("This is single-thread version!\n");
                // run the single-thread version
                // main_single_thread()
        }
}

运行结果，

>> gcc  p.c
[iotaate: /local/honghaos/c/ch3 ]
>> ./a.out
This is single-thread version!
[iotaate: /local/honghaos/c/ch3 ]
>> gcc  -lpthread p.c
[iotaate: /local/honghaos/c/ch3 ]
>> ./a.out
This is multi-thread version!

4.1.5 调试信息 -g

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-debugging/index.html?ca=drs-
The DWARF(debug with arbitrary record format) and STAB formats are the most widely used executable and linking format (ELF).

nomad2

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程序员的自我修养 ch3 目标文件

参考《程序员的自我修养》ch31. 目标文件的种类>> file hello.ohello.o: ELF 32-bit LSB relocatable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), not stripped>> file /bin/ls/bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, vers
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