熬点
能不能更快
上一篇的顺序的openlist的时间复杂度已经是O(n)了，因为只有插入的消耗，查找的消耗没有，那能不能更快呢，答案是可以，为什么能更快，因为这个算法的特殊性，我们用的是一个顺序的openlist，但是这个openlist其实并不一定顺序，只需要保证最小的在第一个就行了，为此，我们找到了更好的数据结构，二叉堆
二叉堆
二叉堆是一种特殊的堆，二叉堆是完全二叉树或者是近似完全二叉树。二叉堆满足堆特性：父节点的键值总是保持固定的序关系于任何一个子节点的键值，且每个节点的左子树和右子树都是一个二叉堆。
当父节点的键值总是大于或等于任何一个子节点的键值时为最大堆。 当父节点的键值总是小于或等于任何一个子节点的键值时为最小堆。
二叉堆一般用数组来表示。如果根节点在数组中的位置是1，第n个位置的子节点分别在2n和 2n+1。因此，第1个位置的子节点在2和3，第2个位置的子节点在4和5。以此类推。这种基于1的数组存储方式便于寻找父节点和子节点。
如果存储数组的下标基于0，那么下标为i的节点的子节点是2i + 1与2i + 2；其父节点的下标是⌊(i − 1) ∕ 2⌋。
如下图的两个堆：
1 11
/ \ / \
2 3 9 10
/ \ / \ / \ / \
4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8
/ \ / \ / \ / \
8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4
将这两个堆保存在以1开始的数组中：
位置: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
左图: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
右图: 11 9 10 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
对于一个很大的堆，这种存储是低效的。因为节点的子节点很可能在另外一个内存页中。B-heap是一种效率更高的存储方式，把每个子树放到同一内存页。
如果用指针链表存储堆，那么需要能访问叶节点的方法。可以对二叉树“穿线”(threading)方式，来依序遍历这些节点。
插入节点
在数组的最末尾插入新节点。然后自下而上调整子节点与父节点（称作up-heap或bubble-up, percolate-up, sift-up, trickle up, heapify-up, cascade-up操作）：比较当前节点与父节点，不满足堆性质则交换。从而使得当前子树满足二叉堆的性质。时间复杂度为O(log n)。删除根节点
删除根节点用于堆排序。对于最大堆，删除根节点就是删除最大值；对于最小堆，是删除最小值。然后，把堆存储的最后那个节点移到填在根节点处。再从上而下调整父节点与它的子节点：对于最大堆，父节点如果小于具有最大值的子节点，则交换二者。这一操作称作down-heap或bubble-down, percolate-down, sift-down, trickle down, heapify-down, cascade-down,extract-min/max等。直至当前节点与它的子节点满足堆性质为止。
下属对最大堆的自上而下调整堆的伪代码中，数组A的下标索引值是从1开始： Max-Heapify[1] (A, i):
left ← 2i
right ← 2i + 1
largest ← i
if left ≤ heap_length[A] and A[left] > A[largest] then:
largest ← left
if right ≤ heap_length[A] and A[right] > A[largest] then:
largest ← right
if largest ≠ i then:
swap A[i] ↔ A[largest]
Max-Heapify(A, largest)
构造二叉堆
一个直观办法是从单节点的二叉堆开始，每次插入一个节点。其时间复杂度为O(n \log n)。最优算法是从一个节点元素任意放置的二叉树开始，自底向上对每一个子树执行删除根节点时的Max-Heapify算法（这是对最大堆而言）使得当前子树成为一个二叉堆。具体而言，假设高度为h的子树均已完成二叉堆化，那么对于高度为h+1的子树，把其根节点沿着最大子节点的分枝做调整，最多需要h步完成二叉堆化。可以证明，这个算法的时间复杂度为O(n)。
建造最大堆的伪代码： Build-Max-Heap[1] (A):
heap_length[A] ← length[A]
for i ← floor(length[A]/2) downto 1 do
Max-Heapify(A, i)
合并两个二叉堆
最优方法是把两个二叉堆首尾相连放在一个数组中，然后构造新的二叉堆。时间复杂度为O(log n log k)，其中n、k为两个堆的元素数目。如果经常需要合并两个堆的操作，那么使用二项式堆更好，其时间复杂度为O(log n)。
代码
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