Java SE基础 -1 ：纲要，变量，数据类型和类型转换，数组

参考网址：
Java 基本数据类型
https://www.cnblogs.com/cisum/p/8006239.html

[] Java语言基础（Language Basics）构成

（参见：https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/index.html）

• 变量（Variables）

You’ve already learned that objects store their state in fields. However, the Java programming language also uses the term “variable” as well. This section discusses this relationship, plus variable naming rules and conventions, basic data types (primitive types, character strings, and arrays), default values, and literals.

• 译：
  前面已经学习有关对象在内存域中存储的相关知识，Java程序语言同样也要使用（术语）“变量”。本节主要讨论这个关系、变量命名规则和惯例(conventions)、基本数据类型(basic data types) 【 包括原生类型(primitive types)、字符串(character strings)和数组(arrays)】，默认值(default values)和字面量(literals)。

• 运算符（Operators）

This section describes the operators of the Java programming language. It presents the most commonly-used operators first, and the less commonly-used operators last. Each discussion includes code samples that you can compile and run.

• 译：这一节将描述说明Java语言的运算符。首先会讲解最为常用的运算符，然后是一些不太常用的运算符。每个讨论主题都包括可以编译和运行的代码示例。

• 表达式（Expressions），语句（Statements）和语句块（Blocks）

Operators may be used in building expressions, which compute values; expressions are the core components of statements; statements may be grouped into blocks. This section discusses expressions, statements, and blocks using example code that you’ve already seen.

• 译：运算符可以用来构建表达式，而表达式（的作用，则是）用于计算值；表达式是语句的核心组成部分；而多条语句可以组成语句块。本节主要讨论表达式、语句和语句块（你可以看到相关代码示例）

• 流程控制语句（Control Flow Statements）

This section describes the control flow statements supported by the Java programming language. It covers the decisions-making, looping, and branching statements that enable your programs to conditionally execute particular blocks of code.

• 译：本节将讲解Java语言所支持的流程控制语句。内容包括决策、循环和分支语句——它们可以使你的程序根据条件执行特定的代码块。

一、 变量（Variables）

As you learned in the previous lesson, an object stores its state in fields.
像你前面所学到的那样，java会在内存域中（in fields）使用一个对象来存储它们的（即变量的）状态（state）

int cadence = 0;
int speed = 0;
int gear = 1;

The What Is an Object? discussion introduced you to fields, but you probably have still a few questions, such as: What are the rules and conventions for naming a field? Besides int, what other data types are there? Do fields have to be initialized when they are declared? Are fields assigned a default value if they are not explicitly initialized? We’ll explore the answers to such questions in this lesson, but before we do, there are a few technical distinctions you must first become aware of. In the Java programming language, the terms “field” and “variable” are both used; this is a common source of confusion among new developers, since both often seem to refer to the same thing.

• 译：What is an object?（什么是对象）这个讨论主题介绍了属性字段（fileds），但是你可能会有心存某些疑惑，例如：对于一个属性字段（变量）命名的规则和惯例是怎样的？除了int型之外，又还有哪些数据类型呢？属性字段是否在它声明时必须初始化呢？在这一节，我们将探讨这些问题的答案，但是在正式开始之前，你需要首先关注几个技术区分/差异。在java编程语言中，术语“field”（属性字段）和“variable”（变量）都有使用到，这往往令新的开发者感到迷惑，因此二者往往好像指向或引用同样的事物。

The Java programming language defines the following kinds of variables:

• 译：java语言定义了下面几种变量

• 实例变量（非静态变量）【Instance Variables (Non-Static Fields) 】
  Technically speaking, objects store their individual states in “non-static fields”, that is, fields declared without the static keyword. Non-static fields are also known as instance variables because their values are unique to each instance of a class (to each object, in other words); the currentSpeed of one bicycle is independent from the currentSpeed of another.

• 类变量（静态变最）【Class Variables (Static Fields)】
  A class variable is any field declared with the static modifier; this tells the compiler that there is exactly one copy of this variable in existence, regardless of how many times the class has been instantiated. A field defining the number of gears for a particular kind of bicycle could be marked as static since conceptually the same number of gears will apply to all instances. The code static int numGears = 6; would create such a static field. Additionally, the keyword final could be added to indicate that the number of gears will never change.

• 本地变量【Local Variables】
  Similar to how an object stores its state in fields, a method will often store its temporary state in local variables. The syntax for declaring a local variable is similar to declaring a field (for example, int count = 0;). There is no special keyword designating a variable as local; that determination comes entirely from the location in which the variable is declared — which is between the opening and closing braces of a method. As such, local variables are only visible to the methods in which they are declared; they are not accessible from the rest of the class.

• 参数（变量）【Parameters，形参】
  You’ve already seen examples of parameters, both in the Bicycle class and in the main method of the “Hello World!” application. Recall that the signature for the main method is public static void main(String[] args). Here, the args variable is the parameter to this method. The important thing to remember is that parameters are always classified as “variables” not “fields”. This applies to other parameter-accepting constructs as well (such as constructors and exception handlers) that you’ll learn about later in the tutorial.

Having said that, the remainder of this tutorial uses the following general guidelines when discussing fields and variables. If we are talking about “fields in general” (excluding local variables and parameters), we may simply say “fields”. If the discussion applies to “all of the above”, we may simply say “variables”. If the context calls for a distinction, we will use specific terms (static field, local variables, etc.) as appropriate. You may also occasionally see the term “member” used as well. A type’s fields, methods, and nested types are collectively called its members.

命名规则

Every programming language has its own set of rules and conventions for the kinds of names that you’re allowed to use, and the Java programming language is no different. The rules and conventions for naming your variables can be summarized as follows:

• 译：任何一门编程语言都会有自己（所允许使用）的一套命名规则和惯例，Java语言也不例外。对于你的变量命名的规则要求和惯例，概括起来有如下几点：

• 变量名大小写敏感（Variable names are case-sensitive.）

A variable’s name can be any legal identifier — an unlimited-length sequence of Unicode letters and digits, beginning with a letter, the dollar sign “$”, or the underscore character “_”. The convention, however, is to always begin your variable names with a letter, not “$” or “_”. Additionally, the dollar sign character, by convention, is never used at all. You may find some situations where auto-generated names will contain the dollar sign, but your variable names should always avoid using it. A similar convention exists for the underscore character; while it’s technically legal to begin your variable’s name with “_”, this practice is discouraged. White space is not permitted.

• 译：变量名，可由任何合法的字符标识 —— 它是一个由Unicode字母和数字、美元符号$或下划线_组成的，且以英文字母开始的不限长度的序列。按照惯例，变量名只能以英文字母起始，而不能用$或_作为首字符。另外，$符基本从不使用。你会在某些场景下，看到有些自动生成的变量名包含$符，但是，你命名的变量名称应当尽量避免使用它。作为技术规范，Java并不鼓励使用_作为为量的开始符。最后强调，变量名中，空格（空白字符）是禁止使用的。

• 可以由字母、$符或下划线_组成（Subsequent characters may be letters, digits, dollar signs, or underscore characters.）

Conventions (and common sense) apply to this rule as well. When choosing a name for your variables, use full words instead of cryptic abbreviations. Doing so will make your code easier to read and understand. In many cases it will also make your code self-documenting; fields named cadence, speed, and gear, for example, are much more intuitive than abbreviated versions, such as s, c, and g. Also keep in mind that the name you choose must not be a keyword or reserved word.

• 译：如果你的变量由单词组成，使用完整的单词而不要使用神秘难测的简写或缩写形式，这样会使你的代码易于阅读。…记住，不要使用保留字或关键字(a keyword or reserved word)作为变量名。

• 如果变量名由单一一个单词构成，则字母全部小写（If the name you choose consists of only one word, spell that word in all lowercase letters. ）

If it consists of more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each subsequent word. The names gearRatio and currentGear are prime examples of this convention. If your variable stores a constant value, such as static final int NUM_GEARS = 6, the convention changes slightly, capitalizing every letter and separating subsequent words with the underscore character. By convention, the underscore character is never used elsewhere.

• 译：而如果变量名由多个单词构成，（第二个单词起）让每个单词首字母大写。变量名 gearRatio 和 currentGear 是基本的惯例样例。如果变量用于存储常量，例如一个静态的final终级限定的int型变量NUM_GEARS = 6，那么按照惯例，变量名各字母要求全部大写，单词间由下划线隔开；按照惯例，下划线常用于常量命名，而不用于其它（变量命名）。

二、数据类型(Data Type)

参见：https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.html

1、原生数据类型（Primitive Data Type）

四类八种

The Java programming language is statically-typed, which means that all variables must first be declared before they can be used. This involves stating the variable’s type and name, as you’ve already seen:

• 译：Java是一种静态型编程语言，这意味着所有的变量必须首先声明，然后才能使用它们。这正如你所看到的声明的变量类型和名称一样。

int gear = 1;

Doing so tells your program that a field named “gear” exists, holds numerical data, and has an initial value of “1”. A variable’s data type determines the values it may contain, plus the operations that may be performed on it. In addition to int, the Java programming language supports seven other primitive data types. A primitive type is predefined by the language and is named by a reserved keyword. Primitive values do not share state with other primitive values. The eight primitive data types supported by the Java programming language are:

• 译：前面的代码表示，有一个命名为“gear”属性已经存在，用来保存数值数据，并且已经初始化值为“1”。…。除了int外，Java程序语言还支持其这7种原生数据类型。一个原生类型被语言预定义和通过保留关键字所命名。原生值不能与其它原生值所共享。Java编程语言总共支持8种原生数据类型

1.1 整型（byte、short、Int、long）

1.1.1 byte型

byte: The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two’s complement integer. It has a minimum value of -128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive). The byte data type can be useful for saving memory in large arrays, where the memory savings actually matters. They can also be used in place of int where their limits help to clarify your code; the fact that a variable’s range is limited can serve as a form of documentation.

• byte 数据类型是8位、有符号的，以二进制补码表示的整数；
• 最小值是 -128（-2^7）；
• 最大值是 127（2^7-1）；
• 默认值是 0；
• byte 类型用在大型数组中节约空间，主要代替整数，因为 byte 变量占用的空间只有 int 类型的四分之一；
• 例子：byte a = 100，byte b = -50。

1.1.2 short型 //范围：正负3万2千

short: The short data type is a 16-bit signed two’s complement integer. It has a minimum value of -32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive). As with byte, the same guidelines apply: you can use a short to save memory in large arrays, in situations where the memory savings actually matters.

• short 数据类型是 16 位、有符号的以二进制补码表示的整数
• 最小值是 -32768（-2^15）；//约负的3万2千7百个
• 最大值是 32767（2^15 - 1）；//约正的3万2千7百个。合计约6万5千5百多个整数
• Short 数据类型也可以像 byte 那样节省空间。一个short变量是int型变量所占空间的二分之一；
• 默认值是 0；
• 例子：short s = 1000，short r = -20000。

1.1.3 int型 //范围：正负21亿4千7百万

int: By default, the int data type is a 32-bit signed two’s complement integer, which has a minimum value of -231 and a maximum value of 231-1. In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the int data type to represent an unsigned 32-bit integer, which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 232-1. Use the Integer class to use int data type as an unsigned integer. See the section The Number Classes for more information. Static methods like compareUnsigned, divideUnsigned etc have been added to the Integer class to support the arithmetic operations for unsigned integers.

• int 数据类型是32位、有符号的以二进制补码表示的整数；
• 最小值是 -2,147,483,648（-2^31）； //约负的21亿4千7百万
• 最大值是 2,147,483,647（2^31 - 1）；//约正的21亿4千7百万。合计约42亿9千4百多万个整数
• 一般地整型变量默认为 int 类型；
• 默认值是 0 ；
• 例子：int a = 100000, int b = -200000。

1.1.4 long型 //范围：正负922亿亿，又3千3百亿强

long: The long data type is a 64-bit two’s complement integer. The signed long has a minimum value of -263 and a maximum value of 263-1. In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the long data type to represent an unsigned 64-bit long, which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 264-1. Use this data type when you need a range of values wider than those provided by int. The Long class also contains methods like compareUnsigned, divideUnsigned etc to support arithmetic operations for unsigned long.

• long 数据类型是 64 位、有符号的以二进制补码表示的整数；
• 最小值是 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808（-2^63）；//约负的922亿亿个。（显然这是个天文数字）
• 最大值是 9,223,372,036,854,775,807（2^63 -1）；//约正的922亿个。合计约1844亿亿个整数。
• 这种类型主要使用在需要比较大整数的系统上；
• 默认值是 0L；
• 例子： long a = 100000L，Long b = -200000L。
• "L"理论上不分大小写，但是若写成"l"容易与数字"1"混淆，不容易分辩。所以最好大写。

1.2 小数型（float、double）

1.2.1 float型

float: The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in the Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values section of the Java Language Specification. As with the recommendations for byte and short, use a float (instead of double) if you need to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers. This data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency. For that, you will need to use the java.math.BigDecimal class instead. Numbers and Strings covers BigDecimal and other useful classes provided by the Java platform.

• float 数据类型是单精度、32位、符合IEEE 754标准的浮点数；
• float 在储存大型浮点数组的时候可节省内存空间；
• 默认值是 0.0f；
• 浮点数不能用来表示精确的值，如货币；
• 例子：float f1 = 234.5f。

1.2.2 double型

double: The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in the Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values section of the Java Language Specification. For decimal values, this data type is generally the default choice. As mentioned above, this data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency.

• double 数据类型是双精度、64 位、符合IEEE 754标准的浮点数；
• 浮点数的默认类型为double类型；
• double类型同样不能表示精确的值，如货币；
• 默认值是 0.0d；
• 例子：double d1 = 123.4。

1.3 字符型（Char）

char: The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of ‘\u0000’ (or 0) and a maximum value of ‘\uffff’ (or 65,535 inclusive).

• char类型是一个单一的 16 位 Unicode 字符；
• 最小值是 \u0000（即为0）；
• 最大值是 \uffff（即为65,535）；
• char 数据类型可以储存任何字符；
• 例子：char letter = ‘A’;。

1.4 布尔型（boolean）

boolean: The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false. Use this data type for simple flags that track true/false conditions. This data type represents one bit of information, but its “size” isn’t something that’s precisely defined.

• boolean数据类型表示一位的信息；
• 只有两个取值：true 和 false；
• 这种类型只作为一种标志来记录 true/false 情况；
• 默认值是 false；
• 例子：boolean one = true。

附加说明

In addition to the eight primitive data types listed above, the Java programming language also provides special support for character strings via the java.lang.String class. Enclosing your character string within double quotes will automatically create a new String object; for example, String s = “this is a string”;. String objects are immutable, which means that once created, their values cannot be changed. The String class is not technically a primitive data type, but considering the special support given to it by the language, you’ll probably tend to think of it as such. You’ll learn more about the String class in Simple Data Objects

1.5 基本数据类型的默认值(或缺省值)（Default Values）

It’s not always necessary to assign a value when a field is declared. Fields that are declared but not initialized will be set to a reasonable default by the compiler. Generally speaking, this default will be zero or null, depending on the data type. Relying on such default values, however, is generally considered bad programming style.

The following chart summarizes the default values for the above data types.

数据类型 (Data Type)	缺省值 ( Default Value (for fields) )
byte	0
short	0
int	0
long	0L
float	0.0f
double	0.0d
char	‘\u0000’
String (or any object)	null
boolean	false

Local variables are slightly different; the compiler never assigns a default value to an uninitialized local variable. If you cannot initialize your local variable where it is declared, make sure to assign it a value before you attempt to use it. Accessing an uninitialized local variable will result in a compile-time error

1.6 字面量（Literals）

You may have noticed that the new keyword isn’t used when initializing a variable of a primitive type. Primitive types are special data types built into the language; they are not objects created from a class. A literal is the source code representation of a fixed value; literals are represented directly in your code without requiring computation. As shown below, it’s possible to assign a literal to a variable of a primitive type:

• 译：

boolean result = true;
char capitalC = 'C';
byte b = 100;
short s = 10000;
int i = 100000;

1.6.1 整型字面量（Integer Literals）

An integer literal is of type long if it ends with the letter L or l; otherwise it is of type int. It is recommended that you use the upper case letter L because the lower case letter l is hard to distinguish from the digit 1.

Values of the integral types byte, short, int, and long can be created from int literals. Values of type long that exceed the range of int can be created from long literals. Integer literals can be expressed by these number systems:

• Decimal: Base 10, whose digits consists of the numbers 0 through 9; this is the number system you use every day
• Hexadecimal: Base 16, whose digits consist of the numbers 0 through 9 and the letters A through F
• Binary: Base 2, whose digits consists of the numbers 0 and 1 (you can create binary literals in Java SE 7 and later)

For general-purpose programming, the decimal system is likely to be the only number system you’ll ever use. However, if you need to use another number system, the following example shows the correct syntax. The prefix 0x indicates hexadecimal and 0b indicates binary:

// The number 26, in decimal
int decVal = 26;
//  The number 26, in hexadecimal
int hexVal = 0x1a;
// The number 26, in binary
int binVal = 0b11010;

1.6.2 浮点型字面量（Floating-Point Literals）

A floating-point literal is of type float if it ends with the letter F or f; otherwise its type is double and it can optionally end with the letter D or d.

The floating point types (float and double) can also be expressed using E or e (for scientific notation), F or f (32-bit float literal) and D or d (64-bit double literal; this is the default and by convention is omitted).

double d1 = 123.4;
// same value as d1, but in scientific notation
double d2 = 1.234e2;
float f1  = 123.4f;

1.6.3 字符型和字符串型字面量（Character and String Literals）

Literals of types char and String may contain any Unicode (UTF-16) characters. If your editor and file system allow it, you can use such characters directly in your code. If not, you can use a “Unicode escape” such as ‘\u0108’ (capital C with circumflex), or “S\u00ED Se\u00F1or” (Sí Señor in Spanish). Always use ‘single quotes’ for char literals and “double quotes” for String literals. Unicode escape sequences may be used elsewhere in a program (such as in field names, for example), not just in char or String literals.

The Java programming language also supports a few special escape sequences for char and String literals: \b (backspace), \t (tab), \n (line feed), \f (form feed), \r (carriage return), " (double quote), ’ (single quote), and \ (backslash).

There’s also a special null literal that can be used as a value for any reference type. null may be assigned to any variable, except variables of primitive types. There’s little you can do with a null value beyond testing for its presence. Therefore, null is often used in programs as a marker to indicate that some object is unavailable.

Finally, there’s also a special kind of literal called a class literal, formed by taking a type name and appending “.class”; for example, String.class. This refers to the object (of type Class) that represents the type itself.

1.6.4 在数值字面量中使用下划线

In Java SE 7 and later, any number of underscore characters (_) can appear anywhere between digits in a numerical literal. This feature enables you, for example. to separate groups of digits in numeric literals, which can improve the readability of your code.

For instance, if your code contains numbers with many digits, you can use an underscore character to separate digits in groups of three, similar to how you would use a punctuation mark like a comma, or a space, as a separator.

The following example shows other ways you can use the underscore in numeric literals:

long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456L;
long socialSecurityNumber = 999_99_9999L;
float pi =  3.14_15F;
long hexBytes = 0xFF_EC_DE_5E;
long hexWords = 0xCAFE_BABE;
long maxLong = 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffffL;
byte nybbles = 0b0010_0101;
long bytes = 0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010;

You can place underscores only between digits; you cannot place underscores in the following places:

• At the beginning or end of a number
• Adjacent to a decimal point in a floating point literal
• Prior to an F or L suffix
• In positions where a string of digits is expected

The following examples demonstrate valid and invalid underscore placements (which are highlighted) in numeric literals:

// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// adjacent to a decimal point
float pi1 = 3_.1415F;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores 
// adjacent to a decimal point
float pi2 = 3._1415F;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores 
// prior to an L suffix
long socialSecurityNumber1 = 999_99_9999_L;

// OK (decimal literal)
int x1 = 5_2;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// At the end of a literal
int x2 = 52_;
// OK (decimal literal)
int x3 = 5_______2;

// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// in the 0x radix prefix
int x4 = 0_x52;
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// at the beginning of a number
int x5 = 0x_52;
// OK (hexadecimal literal)
int x6 = 0x5_2; 
// Invalid: cannot put underscores
// at the end of a number
int x7 = 0x52_;

1.7 原生数据类型 - 小结

归类	类型	位*节，符号	默认值	最小值	最大值	示例
整数 Integer	byte	8*1，有符号	0	-128（-2^7）	127（2^7-1）	byte a=127
^同上	short	8*2，有符号	0	-32768 （-2^15） .	32767 （2^15 - 1） 3万强	short a=30000
^同上	int	8*4，有符号	0	-2,147,483,648 （-2^31） .	2,147,483,647 （2^31 - 1） 21亿强	int a=100000000
^同上	long	8*8，有符号	0L	-9,223,372,036, 854,775,808 （-2^63） .	9,223,372,036, 854,775,807 （2^63 -1） 9百亿亿强	long a=1111L
浮点数 Float-point	float	8*4，单精度	0.0f			float f1=3.14f
^同上	double	8*8，双精度	0.0d			double d1=3.14
字符 Character	char	8*2	\u0000	\u0000 （即为0）	\uffff （即65,535）	char c=‘a’
布尔条件 Boolean condition	boolean		false			boolean flag=false

2、引用类型（Reference）

2.1 集合（Collection）

2.2 函数（Function）

2.3 接口（Interface）

3、类型转换（DataType Conversion）

3.1 显式转换和隐式转换

3.2

三、数组（Arrays）

参见：https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/arrays.html

An array is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single type. The length of an array is established when the array is created. After creation, its length is fixed. You have seen an example of arrays already, in the main method of the “Hello World!” application. This section discusses arrays in greater detail.

Each item in an array is called an element, and each element is accessed by its numerical index. As shown in the preceding illustration, numbering begins with 0. The 9th element, for example, would therefore be accessed at index 8.
The following program, ArrayDemo, creates an array of integers, puts some values in the array, and prints each value to standard output.

class ArrayDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // declares an array of integers
        int[] anArray;

        // allocates memory for 10 integers
        anArray = new int[10];
           
        // initialize first element
        anArray[0] = 100;
        // initialize second element
        anArray[1] = 200;
        // and so forth
        anArray[2] = 300;
        anArray[3] = 400;
        anArray[4] = 500;
        anArray[5] = 600;
        anArray[6] = 700;
        anArray[7] = 800;
        anArray[8] = 900;
        anArray[9] = 1000;

        System.out.println("Element at index 0: "
                           + anArray[0]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 1: "
                           + anArray[1]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 2: "
                           + anArray[2]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 3: "
                           + anArray[3]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 4: "
                           + anArray[4]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 5: "
                           + anArray[5]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 6: "
                           + anArray[6]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 7: "
                           + anArray[7]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 8: "
                           + anArray[8]);
        System.out.println("Element at index 9: "
                           + anArray[9]);
    }
} 

程序输出结果：

Element at index 0: 100
Element at index 1: 200
Element at index 2: 300
Element at index 3: 400
Element at index 4: 500
Element at index 5: 600
Element at index 6: 700
Element at index 7: 800
Element at index 8: 900
Element at index 9: 1000

In a real-world programming situation, you would probably use one of the supported looping constructs to iterate through each element of the array, rather than write each line individually as in the preceding example. However, the example clearly illustrates the array syntax. You will learn about the various looping constructs (for, while, and do-while) in the Control Flow section.

声明一个变量以引用一个数组（Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array）

The preceding program declares an array (named anArray) with the following line of code:

// declares an array of integers
int[] anArray;

Like declarations for variables of other types, an array declaration has two components: the array’s type and the array’s name. An array’s type is written as type[], where type is the data type of the contained elements; the brackets are special symbols indicating that this variable holds an array. The size of the array is not part of its type (which is why the brackets are empty). An array’s name can be anything you want, provided that it follows the rules and conventions as previously discussed in the naming section. As with variables of other types, the declaration does not actually create an array; it simply tells the compiler that this variable will hold an array of the specified type.

Similarly, you can declare arrays of other types:

byte[] anArrayOfBytes;
short[] anArrayOfShorts;
long[] anArrayOfLongs;
float[] anArrayOfFloats;
double[] anArrayOfDoubles;
boolean[] anArrayOfBooleans;
char[] anArrayOfChars;
String[] anArrayOfStrings;

You can also place the brackets after the array’s name:

// this form is discouraged
float anArrayOfFloats[];

However, convention discourages this form; the brackets identify the array type and should appear with the type designation.

创建、初始化和访问一个数组（Creating, Initializing, and Accessing an Array）

One way to create an array is with the new operator. The next statement in the ArrayDemo program allocates an array with enough memory for 10 integer elements and assigns the array to the anArray variable.

// create an array of integers
anArray = new int[10];

If this statement is missing, then the compiler prints an error like the following, and compilation fails:

ArrayDemo.java:4: Variable anArray may not have been initialized.

The next few lines assign values to each element of the array:

anArray[0] = 100; // initialize first element
anArray[1] = 200; // initialize second element
anArray[2] = 300; // and so forth

Each array element is accessed by its numerical index:

System.out.println("Element 1 at index 0: " + anArray[0]);
System.out.println("Element 2 at index 1: " + anArray[1]);
System.out.println("Element 3 at index 2: " + anArray[2]);

Alternatively, you can use the shortcut syntax to create and initialize an array:

int[] anArray = { 
    100, 200, 300,
    400, 500, 600, 
    700, 800, 900, 1000
};

Here the length of the array is determined by the number of values provided between braces and separated by commas.

You can also declare an array of arrays (also known as a multidimensional array) by using two or more sets of brackets, such as String[][] names. Each element, therefore, must be accessed by a corresponding number of index values.

In the Java programming language, a multidimensional array is an array whose components are themselves arrays. This is unlike arrays in C or Fortran. A consequence of this is that the rows are allowed to vary in length, as shown in the following MultiDimArrayDemo program:

class MultiDimArrayDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[][] names = {
            {"Mr. ", "Mrs. ", "Ms. "},
            {"Smith", "Jones"}
        };
        // Mr. Smith
        System.out.println(names[0][0] + names[1][0]);
        // Ms. Jones
        System.out.println(names[0][2] + names[1][1]);
    }
}

The output from this program is:

Mr. Smith
Ms. Jones

Finally, you can use the built-in length property to determine the size of any array. The following code prints the array’s size to standard output:

 System.out.println(anArray.length);

数组拷贝（Copying Arrays）

The System class has an arraycopy method that you can use to efficiently copy data from one array into another:

public static void arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos,
                             Object dest, int destPos, int length)

The two Object arguments specify the array to copy from and the array to copy to. The three int arguments specify the starting position in the source array, the starting position in the destination array, and the number of array elements to copy.

The following program, ArrayCopyDemo, declares an array of char elements, spelling the word “decaffeinated.” It uses the System.arraycopy method to copy a subsequence of array components into a second array:

class ArrayCopyDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e',
			    'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd' };
        char[] copyTo = new char[7];

        System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
        System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
    }
}

The output from this program is:

caffein

多维数组

Arrays are a powerful and useful concept used in programming. Java SE provides methods to perform some of the most common manipulations related to arrays. For instance, the ArrayCopyDemo example uses the arraycopy method of the System class instead of manually iterating through the elements of the source array and placing each one into the destination array. This is performed behind the scenes, enabling the developer to use just one line of code to call the method.

For your convenience, Java SE provides several methods for performing array manipulations (common tasks, such as copying, sorting and searching arrays) in the java.util.Arrays class. For instance, the previous example can be modified to use the copyOfRange method of the java.util.Arrays class, as you can see in the ArrayCopyOfDemo example. The difference is that using the copyOfRange method does not require you to create the destination array before calling the method, because the destination array is returned by the method:

class ArrayCopyOfDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        
        char[] copyFrom = {'d', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e',
            'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd'};
            
        char[] copyTo = java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(copyFrom, 2, 9);
        
        System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
    }
}

As you can see, the output from this program is the same (caffein), although it requires fewer lines of code. Note that the second parameter of the copyOfRange method is the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusively, while the third parameter is the final index of the range to be copied, exclusively. In this example, the range to be copied does not include the array element at index 9 (which contains the character a).

Some other useful operations provided by methods in the java.util.Arrays class, are:

• Searching an array for a specific value to get the index at which it is placed (the binarySearch method).
• Comparing two arrays to determine if they are equal or not (the equals method).
• Filling an array to place a specific value at each index (the fill method).
• Sorting an array into ascending order. This can be done either sequentially, using the sort method, or concurrently, using the parallelSort method introduced in Java SE 8. Parallel sorting of large arrays on multiprocessor systems is faster than sequential array sorting.