一天一个设计模式---命令模式

介绍：将一个请求封装成一个对象，从而使你可以用不同的请求对客户参数化；对请求排队或记录请求日志，以及支持可撤销的操作。

场景：我们玩过很多游戏，现在需要我们设计一个2D飞行射击游戏，对于游戏有以下需求
- 需要有左右按钮躲避敌人的子弹
- 需要有方法切换武器
- 需要有射击按钮

一、角色及作用

角色	作用
Receiver	用于接收请求，处理真正的业务逻辑
Command	抽象命令类，定义命令方法
ConcreteCommand	具体命令类，实现Command方法
Invoker	请求者，发起命令

二、接收者

接收者，我们需要实现具体对4种情况的实现

public class Receiver {
    // 向左操作
    public void left() {
        System.out.println("to left");
    }

    // 向右
    public void right() {
        System.out.println("to right");
    }

    // 切换武器
    public void transform() {
        System.out.println("transform weapon");
    }

    // 射击
    public void shot() {
        System.out.println("shot biu biu biu");
    }
}

三、命令

命令者接口

public interface Command {
    public void execute();
}

具体命令类：左按钮

public class LeftCommand implements Command {
    private Receiver receiver;

    public LeftCommand(Receiver receiver) {
        this.receiver = receiver;
    }

    @Override
    public void execute() {
        receiver.left();
    }

}

具体命令类：右按钮

public class RightCommand implements Command {
    private Receiver receiver;

    public RightCommand(Receiver receiver) {
        this.receiver = receiver;
    }

    @Override
    public void execute() {
        receiver.right();
    }

}

具体命令类：射击按钮

public class ShotCommand implements Command {
    private Receiver receiver;

    public ShotCommand(Receiver receiver) {
        this.receiver = receiver;
    }

    @Override
    public void execute() {
        receiver.shot();
    }

}

具体命令类：转换按钮

public class TransformCommand implements Command {
    private Receiver receiver;

    public TransformCommand(Receiver receiver) {
        this.receiver = receiver;
    }

    @Override
    public void execute() {
        receiver.transform();
    }

}

四、请求者

我们可以设置一个对象，将所有类型的命令封装起来，而客户端调用的就是请求者，只要直接执行对应方法就行。

请求者类:命令由按钮发起

public class Button {
    private LeftCommand leftCommand;
    private RightCommand rightCommand;
    private ShotCommand shotCommand;
    private TransformCommand transformCommand;

    public void left() {
        leftCommand.execute();
    }

    public void right() {
        rightCommand.execute();
    }

    public void shot() {
        shotCommand.execute();
    }

    public void transform() {
        transformCommand.execute();
    }

    public void setLeftCommand(LeftCommand leftCommand) {
        this.leftCommand = leftCommand;
    }

    public void setRightCommand(RightCommand rightCommand) {
        this.rightCommand = rightCommand;
    }

    public void setShotCommand(ShotCommand shotCommand) {
        this.shotCommand = shotCommand;
    }

    public void setTransformCommand(TransformCommand transformCommand) {
        this.transformCommand = transformCommand;
    }

}

五、玩家设置

我们可以用平时比较常用的键位来设定成本次使用的，如：w，s，a，d

玩家

// 最终接受者
Receiver receiver = new Receiver();

// 命令
LeftCommand leftCommand = new LeftCommand(receiver);
RightCommand rightCommand = new RightCommand(receiver);
ShotCommand shotCommand = new ShotCommand(receiver);
TransformCommand transformCommand = new TransformCommand(receiver);

// 设置按钮
Button button = new Button();
button.setTransformCommand(transformCommand);
button.setLeftCommand(leftCommand);
button.setRightCommand(rightCommand);
button.setShotCommand(shotCommand);

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
while (true) {
    String read = scan.nextLine();
    switch (read) {
    case "w":
        button.shot();
        break;
    case "s":
        button.transform();
        break;
    case "a":
        button.right();
        break;
    case "d":
        button.left();
        break;
    default:
        break;
    }
}

输出

w
shot biu biu biu
s
transform weapon
a
to right
d
to left

总结：命令模式很好的对系统中的类进行解耦，而且提供了更灵活的操控性和扩展性，但是也造成了类的膨胀，可能当类较多时难以维护。

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更多模式：一天一个设计模式—分类与六大原则

更多源码： https://github.com/oDevilo/Java-Base