【C++】vector的使用

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

/*Vector 作为函数的参数或者返回值时，需要注意它的写法,其中的“&”绝对不能少！！！：
double Distance(vector<int>&a, vector<int>&b)
 */
int main()
{
    /*
    vector 是同一种类型的对象的集合，每个对象都有一个对应的整数索引值。和 string 对象一样，标准库将负责管理与存储元素相关的内存。
    我们把 vector 称为容器，是因为它可以包含其他对象。一个容器中的所有对象都必须是同一种类型的。


    size是当前vector容器真实占用的大小，也就是容器当前拥有多少个容器。
    capacity是指在发生realloc前能允许的最大元素数，即预分配的内存空间。

    当然，这两个属性分别对应两个方法：resize()和reserve()。
    使用resize()，容器内的对象内存空间是真正存在的。
    使用reserve()仅仅只是修改了capacity的值，容器内的对象并没有真实的内存空间(空间是"野"的)。
    */

    vector<int> V0; // V0为空，建立一个vector，int为数组元素的数据类型，V0为动态数组名；向量大小: vec.size()
    cout << "Vector V0 has " << V0.size() << " elements." << endl;
    cout << "Vector V0 can hold " << V0.capacity() << " elements." << endl;

    // 在向量尾部插入一个元素
    V0.push_back(10);
    cout << "Vector V0 has " << V0.size() << " elements." << endl;
    cout << "Vector V0 can hold " << V0.capacity() << " elements." << endl;

    // 删除向量最后一个元素
    V0.pop_back();
    cout << "Vector V0 has " << V0.size() << " elements." << endl;
    cout << "Vector V0 can hold " << V0.capacity() << " elements." << endl;

    vector<int> V(10); // 构造包含10个元素的向量;
    cout << "Vector V has " << V.size() << " elements." << endl;
    cout << "Vector V can hold " << V.capacity() << " elements." << endl;

    for (vector<int>::size_type i = 0; i < V.size(); i++) //下标是从0开始的。
    {
        V[i] = i; // 使用运算[]存取向量的元素
    }
    cout << "Vector V has " << V.size() << " elements." << endl;
    cout << "Vector V can hold " << V.capacity() << " elements." << endl;

    // vector有4中变量类型：iterator，const_iterator，reverse_iterator，const_reverse_iterator,这里需要使用限定符号::
    vector<int>::iterator itr;
    // begin()返回指向第一个元素的迭代器；end()返回指向最后一个元素下一位置的迭代器;;front() 返回第一个元素的引用,back() 返回最后一个元素的引用
    for (itr = V.begin(); itr != V.end(); itr++)
    {
        cout << (*itr) << " "; // 使用迭代器存取向量的元素
    }
    cout << endl;

    for (itr = V.begin(); itr != V.end(); itr++)
    {
        *itr = 2 * (*itr);
    }

    cout << "Now the elements are:" << endl;
    for (itr = V.begin(); itr != V.end(); itr++)
    {
        cout << (*itr) << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    vector<int>::const_iterator citr;
    cout << "Now the elements are:" << endl;
    for (citr = V.begin(); citr != V.end(); citr++)
    {
        cout << (*citr) << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    itr = V.begin();
    itr++; //itr指向元素V[1]

    vector<int>::iterator p;
    p = V.insert(itr, 100); //在V[1]前插入100
    cout << "After insertion the elements are:" << endl;
    for (citr = V.begin(); citr != V.end(); citr++)
    {
        cout << (*citr) << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    V.erase(p); //删除p所指向的元素，即100
    cout << "After deletion1 the elements are:" << endl;
    for (citr = V.begin(); citr != V.end(); citr++)
    {
        cout << (*citr) << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    vector<int>::iterator r1 = (V.begin() + 1);
    *r1 = 110; //如果类型是iterator，可通过迭代器改变所指向的对象；const_iterator类型不可通过迭代器修改向量的元素，通常用于函数的参数使用了vectir的场景
    cout << "After change the elements are:" << endl;
    for (citr = V.begin(); citr != V.end(); citr++)
    {
        cout << (*citr) << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;

    V.clear(); //删除所有元素
    cout << "After clear the elements are:" << endl;
    cout << "Vector V has " << V.size() << " elements." << endl;
    cout << "Vector V can hold " << V.capacity() << " elements." << endl;
}

输出：

Vector V0 has 0 elements.
Vector V0 can hold 0 elements.
Vector V0 has 1 elements.
Vector V0 can hold 1 elements.
Vector V0 has 0 elements.
Vector V0 can hold 1 elements.
Vector V has 10 elements.
Vector V can hold 10 elements.
Vector V has 10 elements.
Vector V can hold 10 elements.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
Now the elements are:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Now the elements are:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
After insertion the elements are:
0 100 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
After deletion1 the elements are:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
After change the elements are:
0 110 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
After clear the elements are:
Vector V has 0 elements.
Vector V can hold 20 elements.