What is regularization in Machine Learning

转自：https://www.quora.com/What-is-regularization-in-machine-learning

Regularization is a technique used in an attempt to solve the overfitting[1] problem in statistical models.*

First of all, I want to clarify how this problem of overfitting arises.

When someone wants to model a problem, let's say trying to predict the wage of someone based on his age, he will first try a linear regression model with age as an independent variable and wage as a dependent one. This model will mostly fail, since it is too simple.

Then, you might think: well, I also have the age, the sex and the education of each individual in my data set. I could add these as explaining variables.

Your model becomes more interesting and more complex. You measure its accuracy regarding a loss metric L(X,Y)

where X is your design matrix and Y

is the observations (also denoted targets) vector (here the wages).

You find out that your result are quite good but not as perfect as you wish.

So you add more variables: location, profession of parents, social background, number of children, weight, number of books, preferred color, best meal, last holidays destination and so on and so forth.

Your model will do good but it is probably overfitting, i.e. it will probably have poor prediction and generalization power: it sticks too much to the data and the model has probably learned the background noise while being fit. This isn't of course acceptable.

So how do you solve this?

It is here where the regularization technique comes in handy.

You penalize your loss function by adding a multiple of an L1

(LASSO[2]) or an L2 (Ridge[3]) norm of your weights vector w

(it is the vector of the learned parameters in your linear regression). You get the following equation:

L(X,Y)+λN(w)

( N

is either the L1 , L2

or any other norm)

This will help you avoid overfitting and will perform, at the same time, features selection for certain regularization norms (the L1

in the LASSO does the job).

Finally you might ask: OK I have everything now. How can I tune in the regularization term λ

?

One possible answer is to use cross-validation: you divide your training data, you train your model for a fixed value of λ

and test it on the remaining subsets and repeat this procedure while varying λ . Then you select the best λ

that minimizes your loss function.

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I hope this was helpful. Let me know if there is any mistakes. I will try to add some graphs and eventually some R or Python code to illustrate this concept.

Also, you can read more about these topics (regularization and cross validation) here:

• Regularization (mathematics)
• Cross-validation (statistics)

* Actually this is only one of the many uses. According to Wikipedia, it can be used to solve ill-posed problems. Here is the article for reference: Regularization (mathematics).

As always, make sure to follow me for more insights about machine learning and its pitfalls: http://quora.com/profile/Yassine...

Footnotes

[1] Overfitting

[2] Lasso (statistics)

[3] Tikhonov regularization