c++, bunction & bind, async

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <future>



/// <summary>
/// 
/// </summary>

struct FUNC_BIND
{
    FUNC_BIND(int i) : i(i) {}
    void func1() { std::cout << "FUNC_BIND::func1(), i = "<< i << std::endl; }
    void f2(int a1, int& a2) { std::cout  << "FUNC_BIND::func2(), " << "a1=" << a1 << ", a2 = " << a2 << std::endl; a2 = 100; }
    int i;
};

void test_function()
{
    FUNC_BIND func_bind(0);
    std::function<void()> func1 = std::bind(&FUNC_BIND::func1, &func_bind);
    std::function<void()> func2 = std::bind(&FUNC_BIND::func1, std::move(FUNC_BIND(1)));
    func1();
    func2();
    int a1 = 5, a2 = 10;
    std::function<void()> func3 = std::bind(&FUNC_BIND::f2, &func_bind, a1, std::ref(a2));
    func3();
    std::cout << "a1=" << a1 << ", a2=" << a2 << std::endl;

    auto f4 = [](int i) {
        std::cout << "lambda with parameter " << i << std::endl;
    };

    f4(100);

    auto func_mem_1 = std::mem_fn(&FUNC_BIND::func1);
    func_mem_1(&func_bind);

    auto func_mem_2 = std::mem_fn(&FUNC_BIND::f2);
    func_mem_2(&func_bind, a1, a2);
}

/// <summary>
/// 
/// </summary>

struct ASYNC
{
    ASYNC(int i) : i(i) {}
    void func1() {
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
        std::cout << "ASYNC::func1(), i = " << i << std::endl;
    }
    int func2(int a1, int& a2) { std::cout << "ASYNC::func2(), " << "a1=" << a1 << ", a2 = " << a2 << std::endl; a2 = 100; return a2; }
    int i;
};

std::string normal_func(std::string data) {
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
    return "result_" + data;
}

/// <summary>
/// std::launch::async: 强制这个异步任务在新线程上执行，这意味着，系统必须要创建出新线程来运行入口函数
/// std::launch::deferred: 延迟到调用 get() 或者 wait() 时执行，如果不调用就不会执行
/// std::launch::async | std::launch::deferred: 这里这个或者关系意味着async的行为可能是 std::launch::async 创建新线程立即执行， 也可能是 std::launch::deferred 没有创建新线程并且延迟到调用get()执行，由系统自行决定异步还是同步运行。
/// </summary>
void test_async()
{
    ASYNC asyn(0);

    auto async_1 = std::async(&ASYNC::func1, &asyn);
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
    async_1.wait();

    int a11 = 5, a21 = 10;
    auto async_2 = std::async(&ASYNC::func2, &asyn, a11, std::ref(a21)); // std::launch::async, std::launch::deferred 
    int result_2 = async_2.get();
    std::cout << "async-2: " << result_2 << std::endl;

    auto async_3 = std::async(normal_func, "async 3");
    std::string result_3 = async_3.get();
    std::cout << "async-3: " << result_3 << std::endl;

    std::future<std::string> async_4 = std::async(normal_func, "async 4");
    std::future_status async_4_status = async_4.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
    if (std::future_status::timeout == async_4_status) {
        std::cout << "async_4: timeout, result: " << async_4.get() << std::endl;
    }
    else if (std::future_status::ready == async_4_status) {
        std::cout << "async_4: success, result: " << async_4.get() << std::endl;
    }
    else if (std::future_status::deferred == async_4_status) {
        std::cout << "async_4: deferred, result: " << async_4.get() << std::endl;
    }

    std::future<std::string> async_5 = std::async(std::launch::async, normal_func, "async 5");
    std::future_status async_5_status = async_5.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
    if (std::future_status::timeout == async_5_status) {
        std::cout << "async_5: timeout, result: " << async_5.get() << std::endl;
    }
    else if (std::future_status::ready == async_5_status) {
        std::cout << "async_5: success, result: " << async_5.get() << std::endl;
    }
    else if (std::future_status::deferred == async_5_status) {
        std::cout << "async_5: deferred, result: " << async_5.get() << std::endl;
    }
}

int main()
{
    test_function();

    std::cout << std::endl;

    test_async();
}

结果

FUNC_BIND::func1(), i = 0
FUNC_BIND::func1(), i = 1
FUNC_BIND::func2(), a1=5, a2 = 10
a1=5, a2=100
lambda with parameter 100
FUNC_BIND::func1(), i = 0
FUNC_BIND::func2(), a1=5, a2 = 100

ASYNC::func1(), i = 0
ASYNC::func2(), a1=5, a2 = 10
async-2: 100
async-3: result_async 3
async_4: timeout, result: result_async 4
async_5: success, result: result_async 5