边界网关协议BGP实践课(8)—协议首选值（PrefVal)属性

概述

学习边界网关协议BGP的关键在于如何理解和应用协议的“属性”，因此，本期文章将向小伙伴总结分享BGP的第四个属性——协议首选值（PrefVal)属性。

BGP组网案例-协议首选值（PrefVal)属性

组网拓扑图

组网拓扑图和地址规划如下图所示。 备注：模拟器采用HCL 5.5.0

组网设备基础配置

组网设备基础配置主要涉及设备命名和接口IP地址配置。

#SW_1设备基础配置

[H3C]sysname SW_1

[SW_1]interface LoopBack0

[SW_1-LoopBack0] ip address 10.10.0.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_1-LoopBack0]quit

[SW_1]interface LoopBack1

[SW_1-LoopBack1] ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_1-LoopBack1]quit

[SW_1]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2

[SW_1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] port link-mode route

[SW_1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] ip address 10.10.12.1 255.255.255.252

[SW_1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]quit

[SW_1]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3

[SW_1-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] port link-mode route

[SW_1-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] ip address 10.10.13.1 255.255.255.252

[SW_1-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]quit

[SW_1]

#SW_2设备基础配置

[H3C]sysname SW_2

[SW_2]interface LoopBack0

[SW_2-LoopBack0] ip address 10.20.0.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_2-LoopBack0]quit

[SW_2]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2

[SW_2-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] port link-mode route

[SW_2-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] ip address 10.10.12.2 255.255.255.252

[SW_2-GigabitEthernet1/0/2]quit

[SW_2]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4

[SW_2-GigabitEthernet1/0/4] port link-mode route

[SW_2-GigabitEthernet1/0/4] ip address 10.20.24.1 255.255.255.252

[SW_2-GigabitEthernet1/0/4]quit

[SW_2]

#SW_3设备基础配置

[H3C]sysname SW_3

[SW_3]interface LoopBack0

[SW_3-LoopBack0]ip address 10.30.0.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_3-LoopBack0]quit

[SW_3]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3

[SW_3-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] port link-mode route

[SW_3-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] ip address 10.10.13.2 255.255.255.252

[SW_3-GigabitEthernet1/0/3]quit

[SW_3]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4

[SW_3-GigabitEthernet1/0/4] port link-mode route

[SW_3-GigabitEthernet1/0/4] ip address 10.30.34.1 255.255.255.252

[SW_3-GigabitEthernet1/0/4]quit

[SW_3]

#SW_4设备基础配置

[SW_4]sysname SW_4

[SW_4]interface LoopBack0

[SW_4-LoopBack0] ip address 10.40.0.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_4-LoopBack0]quit

[SW_4]interface LoopBack1

[SW_4-LoopBack1] ip address 192.168.41.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_4-LoopBack1]quit

[SW_4]interface LoopBack2

[SW_4-LoopBack2] ip address 192.168.42.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_4-LoopBack2]quit

[SW_4]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1

[SW_4-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port link-mode route

[SW_4-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] ip address 10.30.34.2 255.255.255.252

[SW_4-GigabitEthernet1/0/1]quit

[SW_4]interface GigabitEthernet1/0/4

[SW_4-GigabitEthernet1/0/4] port link-mode route

[SW_4-GigabitEthernet1/0/4] ip address  10.20.24.2 255.255.255.252

[SW_4-GigabitEthernet1/0/4]quit

[SW_4]ip ttl-expires enable

[SW_4]ip unreachables enable

组网设备BGP配置

#SW_1设备BGP配置

[SW_1]bgp 10

[SW_1-bgp-default] router-id 10.10.0.1

[SW_1-bgp-default] peer 10.10.12.2 as-number 20

[SW_1-bgp-default] peer 10.10.13.2 as-number 30

[SW_1-bgp-default] address-family ipv4 unicast

[SW_1-bgp-default-ipv4]network 172.16.10.1 32

[SW_1-bgp-default-ipv4] peer 10.10.12.2 enable

[SW_1-bgp-default-ipv4]peer 10.10.13.2 enable

[SW_1-bgp-default-ipv4]quit

[SW_1-bgp-default]quit

[SW_1]save f

Validating file. Please wait...

Saved the current configuration to mainboard device successfully.

[SW_1]#

#SW_2设备BGP配置

[SW_2]bgp 20

[SW_2-bgp-default] router-id 10.20.0.2

[SW_2-bgp-default] peer 10.10.12.1 as-number 10

[SW_2-bgp-default] peer 10.20.24.2 as-number 40

[SW_2-bgp-default] address-family ipv4 unicast

[SW_2-bgp-default-ipv4] peer 10.10.12.1 enable

[SW_2-bgp-default-ipv4] peer 10.20.24.2 enable

[SW_2-bgp-default-ipv4]quit

[SW_2-bgp-default]quit

[SW_2]save f

Validating file. Please wait...

Saved the current configuration to mainboard device successfully.

[SW_2]#

#SW_3设备BGP配置

[SW_3]bgp 30

[SW_3-bgp-default] router-id 10.20.0.3

[SW_3-bgp-default] peer 10.10.13.1 as-number 10

[SW_3-bgp-default] peer 10.30.34.2 as-number 40

[SW_3-bgp-default] address-family ipv4 unicast

[SW_3-bgp-default-ipv4] peer 10.10.13.1 enable

[SW_3-bgp-default-ipv4] peer 10.30.34.2 enable

[SW_3-bgp-default-ipv4]quit

[SW_3-bgp-default]quit

[SW_3]save f

Validating file. Please wait...

Saved the current configuration to mainboard device successfully.

[SW_3]#

#SW_4设备BGP配置

[SW_4]bgp 40

[SW_4-bgp-default] router-id 10.40.0.1

[SW_4-bgp-default] peer 10.30.34.1 as-number 30

[SW_4-bgp-default] peer 10.20.24.1 as-number 20

[SW_4-bgp-default] address-family ipv4 unicast

[SW_4-bgp-default-ipv4]network 192.168.41.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_4-bgp-default-ipv4]network 192.168.42.1 255.255.255.255

[SW_4-bgp-default-ipv4] peer 10.30.34.1 enable

[SW_4-bgp-default-ipv4] peer 10.20.24.1 enable

[SW_4-bgp-default-ipv4]quit

[SW_4-bgp-default]quit

[SW_4]save f

Validating file. Please wait...

Saved the current configuration to mainboard device successfully.

[SW_4]

查看SW_1设备BGP路由表-配置PrefVal属性前

从SW_1设备BGP路由表可知：至目标192.168.41.1/32和192.168.42.1/32的最优路径，它们的下一跳都是10.10.12.2并且PrefVal都是0。

 

调试SW_1设备配置-设置协议首选值（PrefVal)属性

设置协议首选值（PrefVal)属性

[SW_1]#定义地址前缀列表L20和L30

[SW_1]ip prefix-list L20 index 10 permit 192.168.41.1 32

[SW_1]ip prefix-list L30 index 10 permit 192.168.42.1 32

#定义路由策略RP_L20节点5，匹配L20地址前缀列表的路由，赋予协议首选值为10；

[SW_1]route-policy RP_L20 permit node 5

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L20-5]if-match ip address prefix-list L20

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L20-5]apply preferred-value 10

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L20-5]quit

[SW_1]

#定义路由策略RP_L20节点10，不设置匹配条件，允许其他路由通过路由策略

[SW_1]route-policy RP_L20 permit node 10

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L20-10]quit

[SW_1]

#定义路由策略RP_L30节点5，匹配L30址前缀列表的路由，赋予协议首选值为10；

[SW_1]route-policy RP_L30 permit node 5

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L30-5]if-match ip address prefix-list L30

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L30-5]apply preferred-value 10

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L30-5]quit

[SW_1]#定义路由策略RP_L30节点10，不设置匹配条件，允许其他路由通过路由策略

[SW_1]route-policy RP_L30 permit node 10

[SW_1-route-policy-RP_L30-10]quit

[SW_1]

#BGP对等体调用对应的路由策略，注意是import方向

[SW_1]bgp 10

[SW_1-bgp-default]address-family ipv4 unicast

[SW_1-bgp-default-ipv4]peer 10.10.12.2 route-policy RP_L20 import

[SW_1-bgp-default-ipv4]peer 10.10.13.2 route-policy RP_L30 import

[SW_1-bgp-default-ipv4]quit

[SW_1-bgp-default]quit

[SW_1]

查看SW_1设备BGP路由表-配置PrefVal属性后

从SW_1设备BGP路由表可知：

至目标192.168.41.1/32的最优路径，它的下一跳是10.10.12.2并且PrefVal是10，而备用路径的下一跳是10.10.13.2并且PrefVal是0。

至目标192.168.42.1/32的最优路径，它的下一跳是10.10.13.2并且PrefVal是10，而备用路径的下一跳是10.10.12.2并且PrefVal是0。

 

总结

协议首选值（PrefVal)属性，它是一种厂商（华为和华三）自定义的私有属性，类似Cisco IOS中的管理性权值（Administrative Weight）。该属性仅在本地有效，不会传递给BGP邻居。因为协议首选值是人为主动设置的，代表本地用户的意愿，因而在BGP进行选路时会优先比较协议首选值。

当到达同一地址前缀有多条路由时，优先选择首选值大的路由。缺省情况下，从邻居学来的路由的初始首选值为0。