python进阶之装饰器

• 最简装饰器
  def deco(func):
  def wrap(*args, **kwargs):
  return func(*args, **kwargs)
  return wrap

  @deco
  def foo(a, b):
      return a ** b
  

• 原理

  • 对比被装饰前后的 foo.name 和 foo.doc
    from functools import wraps

    def deco(func):
        '''i am deco'''
        @wraps(func)  # 还原被装饰器修改的原函数属性
        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):
            '''i am wrap'''
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrap
    

  • 简单过程
    fn = deco(func)
    foo = fn
    foo(*args, **kwargs)

  • 多个装饰器叠加调用的过程
    @deco1
    @deco2
    @deco3
    def foo(x, y):
    return x ** y

    # 过程拆解 1
    fn3 = deco3(foo)
    fn2 = deco2(fn3)
    fn1 = deco1(fn2)
    foo = fn1
    foo(3, 4)
    
    # 过程拆解 2
    # 单行: deco1( deco2( deco3(foo) ) )(3, 2)
    deco1(
        deco2(
            deco3(foo)
        )
    )(3, 4)
    

• 带参数的装饰器
  def deco(n):
  def wrap1(func):
  def wrap2(*args, **kwargs):
  return func(*args, **kwargs)
  return wrap2
  return wrap1

  # 调用过程
  wrap1 = deco(n)
  wrap2 = wrap1(foo)
  foo = wrap2
  foo()
  
  # 单行形式
  check_result(30)(foo)(4, 8)
  

• 装饰器类和 call
  class Deco:
  def init(self, func):
  self.func = func

      def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
          return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
  
  @Deco
  def foo(x, y):
      return x ** y
  
  # 过程拆解
  fn = Deco(foo)
  foo = fn
  foo(12, 34)
  

• 使用场景

  • 参数、结果检查
  • 缓存、计数
  • 日志、统计
  • 权限管理
  • 重试
  • 其他

• 练习1: 写一个 timer 装饰器, 计算出被装饰函数调用一次花多长时间, 并把时间打印出来
  import time
  from functools import wraps

  def timer(func):
      @wraps(func)  # 修正 docstring
      def wrap(*args, **kwargs):
          time0 = time.time()
          result = func(*args, **kwargs)
          time1 = time.time()
          print(time1 - time0)
          return result
      return wrap
  

• 练习2: 写一个 Retry 装饰器
  import time

  class retry(object):
      def __init__(self, max_retries=3, wait=0, exceptions=(Exception,)):
          self.max_retries = max_retries
          self.exceptions = exceptions
          self.wait = wait
  
      def __call__(self, func):
          def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
              for i in range(self.max_retries + 1):
                  try:
                      result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                  except self.exceptions:
                      time.sleep(self.wait)
                      continue
                  else:
                      return result
          return wrapper