在 Direct3D12 中使用 Stream Output

最新推荐文章于 2023-04-08 10:48:58 发布
VIP文章 最新推荐文章于 2023-04-08 10:48:58 发布
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一. 引子

从 DirectX10 开始 Direct3D 引入了 Stream Output 功能（下称 SO ），它能利用 GPU 进行一些模型操作，其中利用 SO 受益最大的就是 Skinning Animation。在没有 SO 之前蒙皮动画要不就是由 CPU 完成，要不就是每次渲染的

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PHP5 开发手册 简体中文手册
11-11
I. 入门指引 1. 简介 2. 简明教程 II. 安装与配置 3. 安装前需要考虑的事项 4. Unix 系统下的安装 5. Mac OS X 系统下的安装 6. Windows 系统下的安装 7. PECL 扩展库安装 8. 还有问题？ 9. 运行时配置 III. 语言参考 10. 基本语法 11. 类型 12. 变量 13. 常量 14. 表达式 15. 运算符 16. 流程控制 17. 函数 18. 类与对象（PHP 4） 19. 类与对象（PHP 5） 20. 异常处理 21. 引用的解释 IV. 安全 22. 简介 23. 总则 24. 以 CGI 模式安装时 25. 以 Apache 模块安装时 26. 文件系统安全 27. 数据库安全 28. 错误报告 29. 使用 Register Globals 30. 用户提交的数据 31. 魔术引号 32. 隐藏 PHP 33. 保持更新 V. 特点 34. 用 PHP 进行 HTTP 认证 35. Cookie 36. 会话 37. 处理 XForms 38. 文件上传处理 39. 使用远程文件 40. 连接处理 41. 数据库永久连接 42. 安全模式 43. PHP 的命令行模式 VI. 函数参考 I. .NET 函数 II. Apache 特有函数 III. Alternative PHP Cache IV. Advanced PHP debugger V. Array 数组函数 VI. Aspell 函数（已废弃） VII. BC math 高精度数学函数 VIII. PHP bytecode Compiler IX. Bzip2 压缩函数 X. Calendar 日历函数 XI. CCVS API Functions [deprecated] XII. Classes/Objects 类／对象函数 XIII. Classkit Functions XIV. ClibPDF Functions XV. COM 和 .Net（Windows）函数 XVI. Crack Functions XVII. Character Type Functions XVIII. CURL, Client URL Library Functions XIX. Cybercash Payment Functions XX. Credit Mutuel CyberMUT functions XXI. Cyrus IMAP administration Functions XXII. Date/Time 日期／时间函数 XXIII. DB++ Functions XXIV. Database (dbm-style) Abstraction Layer Functions XXV. dBase Functions XXVI. DBM Functions [deprecated] XXVII. dbx Functions XXVIII. Direct IO Functions XXIX. Directory 目录函数 XXX. DOM Functions XXXI. DOM XML Functions XXXII. Error Handling and Logging Functions XXXIII. Exif Functions XXXIV. Expect Functions XXXV. File Alteration Monitor Functions XXXVI. Forms Data Format Functions XXXVII. filePro Functions XXXVIII. Filesystem 文件系统函数 XXXIX. Firebird/InterBase Functions XL. Firebird/Interbase Functions (PDO_FIREBIRD) XLI. FriBiDi Functions XLII. FrontBase Functions XLIII. FTP 函数 XLIV. Function Handling Functions XLV. Gettext XLVI. GMP Functions XLVII. Net_Gopher XLVIII. HTTP 函数 XLIX. Hyperwave Functions L. Hyperwave API Functions LI. IBM DB2, Cloudscape and Apache Derby Functions LII. ICAP Functions [deprecated] LIII. iconv Functions LIV. ID3 Functions LV. IIS Administration Functions LVI. Image 图像函数 LVII. IMAP, POP3 and NNTP Functions LVIII. Informix Functions LIX. Ingres II Functions LX. IRC Gateway Functions LXI. PHP / Java Integration LXII. KADM5 LXIII. LDAP Functions LXIV. libxml Functions LXV. Lotus Notes Functions LXVI. LZF Functions LXVII. Mail Functions LXVIII. mailparse Functions LXIX. Math 数学函数 LXX. MaxDB PHP Extension LXXI. MCAL Functions LXXII. Mcrypt Encryption Functions LXXIII. MCVE Payment Functions LXXIV. Memcache Functions LXXV. Mhash Functions LXXVI. Mimetype Functions LXXVII. Ming functions for Flash LXXVIII. Miscellaneous Functions LXXIX. mnoGoSearch Functions LXXX. Microsoft SQL Server Functions LXXXI. Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase Functions (PDO_DBLIB) LXXXII. Mohawk Software Session Handler Functions LXXXIII. mSQL Functions LXXXIV. Multibyte String Functions LXXXV. muscat Functions LXXXVI. MySQL 函数 LXXXVII. MySQL Functions (PDO_MYSQL) LXXXVIII. MySQL Improved Extension LXXXIX. Ncurses Terminal Screen Control Functions XC. Network Functions XCI. Newt Functions XCII. NSAPI-specific Functions XCIII. Object Aggregation/Composition Functions XCIV. Object property and method call overloading XCV. Oracle 函数 XCVI. ODBC Functions (Unified) XCVII. ODBC and DB2 functions (PDO_ODBC) XCVIII. oggvorbis XCIX. OpenAL Audio Bindings C. OpenSSL Functions CI. Oracle 函数（已废弃） CII. Oracle Functions (PDO_OCI) CIII. Output Control 输出控制函数 CIV. Ovrimos SQL Functions CV. Paradox File Access CVI. Parsekit Functions CVII. Process Control Functions CVIII. Perl 兼容正则表达式函数 CIX. PDF functions CX. PDO Functions CXI. PHP Options&Information CXII. POSIX Functions CXIII. POSIX 扩展正则表达式函数 CXIV. PostgreSQL 数据库函数 CXV. PostgreSQL Functions (PDO_PGSQL) CXVI. Printer Functions CXVII. Program Execution Functions CXVIII. PostScript document creation CXIX. Pspell Functions CXX. qtdom Functions CXXI. Radius CXXII. Rar Functions CXXIII. GNU Readline CXXIV. GNU Recode Functions CXXV. RPM Header Reading 函数 CXXVI. runkit Functions CXXVII. Satellite CORBA client extension [deprecated] CXXVIII. SDO Functions CXXIX. SDO XML Data Access Service Functions CXXX. SDO Relational Data Access Service Functions CXXXI. Semaphore, Shared Memory and IPC Functions CXXXII. SESAM Database Functions CXXXIII. PostgreSQL Session Save Handler CXXXIV. Session Handling Functions CXXXV. Shared Memory Functions CXXXVI. SimpleXML functions CXXXVII. SNMP 函数 CXXXVIII. SOAP Functions CXXXIX. Socket Functions CXL. Standard PHP Library (SPL) Functions CXLI. SQLite Functions CXLII. SQLite Functions (PDO_SQLITE) CXLIII. Secure Shell2 Functions CXLIV. Stream Functions CXLV. String 字符串处理函数 CXLVI. Shockwave Flash Functions CXLVII. Sybase Functions CXLVIII. TCP Wrappers Functions CXLIX. Tidy Functions CL. Tokenizer Functions CLI. Unicode Functions CLII. URL 函数 CLIII. Variable 变量函数 CLIV. Verisign Payflow Pro Functions CLV. vpopmail Functions CLVI. W32api 函数 CLVII. WDDX Functions CLVIII. win32service Functions CLIX. xattr Functions CLX. xdiff Functions CLXI. XML 语法解析函数 CLXII. XML-RPC 函数 CLXIII. XMLReader functions CLXIV. XSL functions CLXV. XSLT Functions CLXVI. YAZ Functions CLXVII. YP/NIS Functions CLXVIII. Zip File Functions (Read Only Access) CLXIX. Zlib Compression Functions VII. PHP 和 Zend 引擎内部资料 44. PHP 扩展库编程 API 指南 45. PDO Driver How-To 46. Zend API：深入 PHP 内核 47. 扩展 PHP 3 VIII. FAQ：常见问题 48. 一般信息 49. 邮件列表 50. 获取 PHP 51. 数据库问题 52. 安装常见问题 53. 编译问题 54. 使用 PHP 55. PHP 和 HTML 56. PHP 和 COM 57. PHP 和其它语言 58. 从 PHP/FI 2 移植到 PHP 3 59. 从 PHP 3 移植到 PHP 4 60. 从 PHP 4 移植到 PHP 5 61. 杂类问题 IX. 附录 A. PHP 及其相关工程的历史 B. 从 PHP 4 移植到 PHP 5 C. 从 PHP 3 移植到 PHP 4 D. 从 PHP/FI 2 移植到 PHP 3 E. PHP 的调试 F. 配置选项 G. php.ini 配置选项 H. List of Supported Timezones I. 扩展库分类 J. 函数别名列表 K. 保留字列表 L. 资源类型列表 M. 支持的协议／封装协议列表 N. 可用过滤器列表 O. 所支持的套接字传输器（Socket Transports）列表 P. PHP 类型比较表 Q. 解析器代号列表 R. 关于本手册 S. 开放出版许可协议 T. 函数索引 X. CHM 版本 62. 关于此版本 63. Using PHP Manual CHM Edition 64. The Full Text Search 65. Specialities of this Edition 66. Integrating the PHP Manual 67. Skin development 68. CHM Edition Credits
Direct3D12基本渲染
04-01
《Direct3D 12 尝鲜(三): Pipeline State Object》附带资源
PHP5中文参考手册
11-30
PHP 手册 Mehdi Achour Friedhelm Betz Antony Dovgal Nuno Lopes Hannes Magnusson Georg Richter Damien Seguy Jakub Vrana 其他贡献者 2007-12-10 Philip Olson 中文翻译人员： 王远之 肖理达 肖盛文 黄啸宇 宋琪 陈伯乐 刘铭 © 1997-2007 PHP 文档组 版权信息 前言 入门指引 简介 简明教程 安装与配置 安装前需要考虑的事项 Unix 系统下的安装 Mac OS X 系统下的安装 Windows 系统下的安装 PECL 扩展库安装 还有问题？ 运行时配置 语言参考 基本语法 类型 变量 常量 表达式 运算符 控制结构 函数 类与对象（PHP 4） 类与对象（PHP 5） Namespaces 异常处理 引用的解释 安全 简介 总则 以 CGI 模式安装时 以 Apache 模块安装时 文件系统安全 数据库安全 错误报告 使用 Register Globals 用户提交的数据 魔术引号 隐藏 PHP 保持更新 特点 用 PHP 进行 HTTP 认证 Cookie 会话 处理 XForms 文件上传处理 使用远程文件 连接处理 数据库永久连接 安全模式 PHP 的命令行模式 函数参考 .NET — .NET 函数 Apache — Apache 特有函数 APC — APC 可选 PHP 缓存 APD — APD 高级 PHP 调试器 Arrays — Array 数组函数 Aspell — Aspell 函数（已废弃） BBCode — BBCode Functions BC math — BC math 高精度数学函数 bcompiler — BCompiler PHP 字节码编译器 Bzip2 — Bzip2 压缩函数 Calendar — Calendar 日历函数 CCVS — CCVS API 函数（已废弃） Classes/Objects — Classes/Objects 类／对象函数 Classkit — Classkit 函数 ClibPDF — ClibPDF Functions [deprecated] COM — COM 和 .Net（Windows）函数 Crack — Crack Functions ctype — Character Type Functions CURL — CURL, Client URL Library Functions Cybercash — Cybercash Payment Functions CyberMUT — Credit Mutuel CyberMUT functions Cyrus IMAP — Cyrus IMAP administration Functions Date/Time — Date/Time 日期／时间函数 DB++ — DB++ Functions dba — Database (dbm-style) Abstraction Layer Functions dBase — dBase Functions DBM — DBM Functions [deprecated] dbx — dbx Functions Direct IO — Direct IO Functions Directories — Directory 目录函数 DOM — DOM Functions DOM XML — DOM XML Functions enchant — enchant Functions Errors and Logging — Error Handling and Logging Functions Exif — Exif Functions Expect — Expect Functions fam — File Alteration Monitor Functions FDF — Forms Data Format Functions Fileinfo — Fileinfo Functions filePro — filePro Functions Filesystem — Filesystem 文件系统函数 Filter — Filter Functions Firebird/InterBase — Firebird/InterBase Functions Firebird/Interbase (PDO) — Firebird/Interbase Functions (PDO_FIREBIRD) FriBiDi — FriBiDi Functions FrontBase — FrontBase Functions FTP — FTP 函数 Function handling — Function Handling Functions GeoIP — GeoIP Functions gettext — Gettext Functions GMP — GMP Functions gnupg — gnupg 函数 gopher — Net_Gopher haru — Haru PDF Functions hash — hash Functions HTTP — HTTP 函数 Hyperwave — Hyperwave Functions Hyperwave API — Hyperwave API Functions i18n — i18n 函数 IBM (PDO) — IBM Functions (PDO_IBM) ibm_db2 — IBM DB2, Cloudscape and Apache Derby Functions iconv — iconv Functions id3 — ID3 Functions IIS Functions — IIS Administration Functions Image — Image 图像函数 Imagick Image Library IMAP — IMAP, POP3 and NNTP Functions Informix — Informix Functions Informix (PDO) — Informix Functions (PDO_INFORMIX) Ingres II — Ingres II Functions IRC Gateway — IRC Gateway Functions Java — PHP / Java Integration JSON — JSON 函数 kadm5 — KADM5 LDAP — LDAP Functions libxml — libxml Functions Lotus Notes — Lotus Notes Functions LZF — LZF Functions Mail — Mail 邮件函数 Mailparse — Mailparse Functions Math — Math 数学函数 MaxDB — MaxDB PHP Extension MCAL — MCAL Functions mcrypt — Mcrypt Encryption Functions MCVE — MCVE (Monetra) Payment Functions Memcache — Memcache Functions mhash — Mhash Functions Mimetype — Mimetype Functions Ming (flash) — Ming functions for Flash Misc. — Miscellaneous Functions mnoGoSearch — mnoGoSearch Functions MS SQL Server — Microsoft SQL Server Functions MS SQL Server (PDO) — Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase Functions (PDO_DBLIB) Msession — Mohawk Software Session Handler Functions mSQL — mSQL Functions Multibyte String — Multibyte String Functions muscat — muscat Functions MySQL — MySQL 函数 MySQL (PDO) — MySQL Functions (PDO_MYSQL) mysqli — MySQLi 扩展库 Ncurses — Ncurses Terminal Screen Control Functions Network — Network Functions Newt — Newt Functions NSAPI — NSAPI-specific Functions Object Aggregation — Object Aggregation/Composition Functions Object overloading — Object property and method call overloading OCI8 — Oracle 函数 ODBC — ODBC Functions (Unified) ODBC and DB2 (PDO) — ODBC and DB2 Functions (PDO_ODBC) OGG/Vorbis — oggvorbis openal — OpenAL Audio Bindings OpenSSL — OpenSSL Functions Oracle — Oracle 函数（已废弃） Oracle (PDO) — Oracle Functions (PDO_OCI) Output Control — Output Control 输出控制函数 OvrimosSQL — Ovrimos SQL Functions Paradox — Paradox File Access Parsekit — Parsekit Functions PCNTL — Process Control Functions PCRE — Perl 兼容正则表达式函数 PDF — PDF 函数 PDO — PDO Functions phar — Phar archive stream and classes PHP Options/Info — PHP Options&Information POSIX — POSIX Functions POSIX Regex — POSIX 扩展正则表达式函数 PostgreSQL — PostgreSQL 数据库函数 PostgreSQL (PDO) — PostgreSQL Functions (PDO_PGSQL) Printer — Printer Functions Program Execution — Program Execution Functions PS — PostScript document creation Pspell — Pspell Functions qtdom — qtdom Functions radius — Radius Rar — Rar Functions Readline — GNU Readline Recode — GNU Recode Functions RPMReader — RPM Header Reading 函数 runkit — runkit Functions SAM — SAM - Simple Asynchronous Messaging Satellite — Satellite CORBA client extension [deprecated] SCA — SCA Functions SDO — SDO Functions SDO DAS XML — SDO XML Data Access Service Functions SDO-DAS-Relational — SDO Relational Data Access Service Functions Semaphore — Semaphore, Shared Memory and IPC Functions SESAM — SESAM Database Functions Session PgSQL — PostgreSQL Session Save Handler Sessions — Session 会话处理函数 shmop — Shared Memory Functions SimpleXML — SimpleXML functions SNMP — SNMP 函数 SOAP — SOAP Functions Sockets — Socket Functions SPL — Standard PHP Library (SPL) Functions SQLite — SQLite Functions SQLite (PDO) — SQLite Functions (PDO_SQLITE) ssh2 — Secure Shell2 Functions Statistics — Statistics Functions Streams — Stream Functions Strings — String 字符串处理函数 SVN — Subversion 函数 SWF — Shockwave Flash Functions swish — Swish Functions Sybase — Sybase Functions TCP Wrappers — TCP Wrappers Functions tidy — Tidy Functions Tokenizer — Tokenizer Functions Unicode — Unicode Functions URLs — URL 函数 Variables — Variable 变量函数 Verisign Payflow Pro — Verisign Payflow Pro Functions vpopmail — vpopmail Functions W32api — W32api 函数 WDDX — WDDX Functions win32ps — win32ps Functions win32service — win32service Functions xattr — xattr Functions xdiff — xdiff Functions XML — XML 语法解析函数 XML-RPC — XML-RPC 函数 XMLReader — XMLReader functions XMLWriter — XMLWriter Functions XSL — XSL functions XSLT — XSLT Functions YAZ — YAZ Functions YP/NIS — YP/NIS Functions Zip — Zip File Functions Zlib — Zlib Compression Functions PHP at the Core: A Hacker's Guide to the Zend Engine The PHP 5 build system Extension structure Memory management Working with variables Writing functions Working with classes and objects Working with resources Working with INI settings Working with streams PDO Driver How-To Extension FAQs Zend Engine 2 API reference Zend Engine 1 The future: PHP 6 and Zend Engine 3 FAQ — FAQ：常见问题 一般信息 邮件列表 获取 PHP 数据库问题 安装 — 安装常见问题 编译问题 使用 PHP PHP 和 HTML PHP 和 COM PHP 和其它语言 从 PHP/FI 2 移植到 PHP 3 从 PHP 3 移植到 PHP 4 从 PHP 4 移植到 PHP 5 杂类问题 附录 PHP 及其相关工程的历史 Migrating from PHP 5.1.x to PHP 5.2.x Migrating from PHP 5.0.x to PHP 5.1.x 从 PHP 4 移植到 PHP 5 从 PHP 3 移植到 PHP 4 从 PHP/FI 2 移植到 PHP 3 PHP 的调试 配置选项 php.ini 配置选项 所支持时区列表 扩展库分类 函数别名列表 保留字列表 资源类型列表 支持的协议／封装协议列表 可用过滤器列表 所支持的套接字传输器（Socket Transports）列表 PHP 类型比较表 解析器代号列表 Userland Naming Guide 关于本手册 开放出版许可协议 函数索引 补充说明
SystemVerilog Reference Manual 3.1a（中英文版）+最新SV IEEE 标准
01-07
Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction to SystemVerilog ...................................................................................................... 1 Section 2 Literal Values.................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Introduction (informative) ...............................................................................................................4 2.2 Literal value syntax..........................................................................................................................4 2.3 Integer and logic literals ..................................................................................................................4 2.4 Real literals ......................................................................................................................................5 2.5 Time literals .....................................................................................................................................5 2.6 String literals....................................................................................................................................5 2.7 Array literals ....................................................................................................................................6 2.8 Structure literals ...............................................................................................................................6 Section 3 Data Types....................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Introduction (informative) ...............................................................................................................8 3.2 Data type syntax...............................................................................................................................9 3.3 Integer data types ...........................................................................................................................10 3.4 Real and shortreal data types .........................................................................................................11 3.5 Void data type ................................................................................................................................11 3.6 chandle data type ...........................................................................................................................11 3.7 String data type ..............................................................................................................................12 3.8 Event data type...............................................................................................................................16 3.9 User-defined types .........................................................................................................................16 3.10 Enumerations .................................................................................................................................17 3.11 Structures and unions.....................................................................................................................22 3.12 Class...............................................................................................................................................26 3.13 Singular and aggregate types .........................................................................................................27 3.14 Casting ...........................................................................................................................................27 3.15 $cast dynamic casting ....................................................................................................................28 3.16 Bit-stream casting ..........................................................................................................................29 Section 4 Arrays ............................................................................................................................................ 32 4.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................32 4.2 Packed and unpacked arrays ..........................................................................................................32 4.3 Multiple dimensions ......................................................................................................................33 4.4 Indexing and slicing of arrays........................................................................................................34 4.5 Array querying functions ...............................................................................................................35 4.6 Dynamic arrays ..............................................................................................................................35 4.7 Array assignment ...........................................................................................................................37 4.8 Arrays as arguments.......................................................................................................................38 4.9 Associative arrays ..........................................................................................................................39 4.10 Associative array methods .............................................................................................................41 4.11 Associative array assignment.........................................................................................................44 4.12 Associative array arguments ..........................................................................................................44 4.13 Associative array literals................................................................................................................44 4.14 Queues ...........................................................................................................................................45 4.15 Array manipulation methods .........................................................................................................47 Section 5 Data Declarations ......................................................................................................................... 52 5.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................52 5.2 Data declaration syntax..................................................................................................................52 5.3 Constants........................................................................................................................................52 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 viii Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 5.4 Variables ........................................................................................................................................53 5.5 Scope and lifetime .........................................................................................................................54 5.6 Nets, regs, and logic.......................................................................................................................55 5.7 Signal aliasing................................................................................................................................56 5.8 Type compatibility .........................................................................................................................58 Section 6 Attributes....................................................................................................................................... 61 6.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................61 6.2 Default attribute type .....................................................................................................................61 Section 7 Operators and Expressions.......................................................................................................... 62 7.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................62 7.2 Operator syntax..............................................................................................................................62 7.3 Assignment operators ....................................................................................................................62 7.4 Operations on logic and bit types ..................................................................................................63 7.5 Wild equality and wild inequality..................................................................................................63 7.6 Real operators ................................................................................................................................64 7.7 Size.................................................................................................................................................64 7.8 Sign ................................................................................................................................................64 7.9 Operator precedence and associativity ..........................................................................................64 7.10 Built-in methods ............................................................................................................................65 7.11 Static Prefixes ................................................................................................................................66 7.12 Concatenation ................................................................................................................................67 7.13 Unpacked array expressions ..........................................................................................................67 7.14 Structure expressions .....................................................................................................................68 7.15 Tagged union expressions and member access..............................................................................70 7.16 Aggregate expressions ...................................................................................................................71 7.17 Operator overloading .....................................................................................................................72 7.18 Streaming operators (pack / unpack) .............................................................................................73 7.19 Conditional operator ......................................................................................................................77 7.20 Set membership..............................................................................................................................77 Section 8 Procedural Statements and Control Flow.................................................................................. 79 8.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................79 8.2 Statements ......................................................................................................................................79 8.3 Blocking and nonblocking assignments ........................................................................................80 8.4 Selection statements.......................................................................................................................81 8.5 Loop statements .............................................................................................................................87 8.6 Jump statements.............................................................................................................................89 8.7 Final blocks....................................................................................................................................89 8.8 Named blocks and statement labels ...............................................................................................90 8.9 Disable ...........................................................................................................................................90 8.10 Event control..................................................................................................................................91 8.11 Level-sensitive sequence controls .................................................................................................93 8.12 Procedural assign and deassign removal .......................................................................................94 Section 9 Processes........................................................................................................................................ 95 9.1 Introduction (informative) .............................................................................................................95 9.2 Combinational logic.......................................................................................................................95 9.3 Latched logic..................................................................................................................................96 9.4 Sequential logic..............................................................................................................................96 9.5 Continuous assignments ................................................................................................................96 9.6 fork...join........................................................................................................................................97 9.7 Process execution threads ..............................................................................................................98 Accellera Extensions to Verilog-2001 SystemVerilog 3.1a Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved. ix 9.8 Process control ...............................................................................................................................98 9.9 Fine-grain process control ...........................................................................................................100 Section 10 Tasks and Functions................................................................................................................... 102 10.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................102 10.2 Tasks ............................................................................................................................................103 10.3 Functions......................................................................................................................................104 10.4 Task and function argument passing ...........................................................................................106 10.5 Import and export functions.........................................................................................................109 Section 11 Classes.......................................................................................................................................... 111 11.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................111 11.2 Syntax ..........................................................................................................................................112 11.3 Overview......................................................................................................................................113 11.4 Objects (class instance)................................................................................................................113 11.5 Object properties..........................................................................................................................114 11.6 Object methods ............................................................................................................................114 11.7 Constructors .................................................................................................................................115 11.8 Static class properties...................................................................................................................116 11.9 Static methods..............................................................................................................................116 11.10 This ..............................................................................................................................................116 11.11 Assignment, re-naming and copying ...........................................................................................117 11.12 Inheritance and subclasses ...........................................................................................................118 11.13 Overridden members....................................................................................................................119 11.14 Super ............................................................................................................................................119 11.15 Casting .........................................................................................................................................120 11.16 Chaining constructors ..................................................................................................................120 11.17 Data hiding and encapsulation .....................................................................................................121 11.18 Constant class properties .............................................................................................................121 11.19 Abstract classes and virtual methods ...........................................................................................122 11.20 Polymorphism: dynamic method lookup.....................................................................................123 11.21 Class scope resolution operator :: ................................................................................................123 11.22 Out of block declarations .............................................................................................................124 11.23 Parameterized classes ..................................................................................................................125 11.24 Typedef class ...............................................................................................................................126 11.25 Classes and structures ..................................................................................................................126 11.26 Memory management ..................................................................................................................127 Section 12 Random Constraints .................................................................................................................. 128 12.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................128 12.2 Overview......................................................................................................................................128 12.3 Random variables ........................................................................................................................131 12.4 Constraint blocks .........................................................................................................................132 12.5 Randomization methods ..............................................................................................................145 12.6 In-line constraints — randomize() with.......................................................................................147 12.7 Disabling random variables with rand_mode() ...........................................................................148 12.8 Controlling constraints with constraint_mode() ..........................................................................149 12.9 Dynamic constraint modification.................................................................................................150 12.10 In-line random variable control ...................................................................................................150 12.11 Randomization of scope variables — std::randomize()...............................................................151 12.12 Random number system functions and methods .........................................................................153 12.13Random stability ..........................................................................................................................154 12.14 Manually seeding randomize .......................................................................................................156 12.15 Random weighted case — randcase ............................................................................................157 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 x Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 12.16 Random sequence generation — randsequence...........................................................................158 Section 13 Interprocess Synchronization and Communication................................................................ 166 13.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................166 13.2 Semaphores ..................................................................................................................................166 13.3 Mailboxes.....................................................................................................................................167 13.4 Parameterized mailboxes .............................................................................................................170 13.5 Event ............................................................................................................................................171 13.6 Event sequencing: wait_order() ...................................................................................................172 13.7 Event variables.............................................................................................................................173 Section 14 Scheduling Semantics................................................................................................................. 176 14.1 Execution of a hardware model and its verification environment ...............................................176 14.2 Event simulation ..........................................................................................................................176 14.3 The stratified event scheduler ......................................................................................................176 14.4 The PLI callback control points...................................................................................................180 Section 15 Clocking Blocks .......................................................................................................................... 181 15.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................181 15.2 Clocking block declaration ..........................................................................................................181 15.3 Input and output skews ................................................................................................................183 15.4 Hierarchical expressions ..............................................................................................................184 15.5 Signals in multiple clocking blocks .............................................................................................185 15.6 Clocking block scope and lifetime...............................................................................................185 15.7 Multiple clocking blocks example ...............................................................................................185 15.8 Interfaces and clocking blocks.....................................................................................................186 15.9 Clocking block events..................................................................................................................187 15.10 Cycle delay: ## ............................................................................................................................187 15.11 Default clocking...........................................................................................................................188 15.12 Input sampling .............................................................................................................................189 15.13 Synchronous events .....................................................................................................................189 15.14 Synchronous drives......................................................................................................................190 Section 16 Program Block............................................................................................................................ 193 16.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................193 16.2 The program construct .................................................................................................................193 16.3 Multiple programs........................................................................................................................195 16.4 Eliminating testbench races .........................................................................................................195 16.5 Blocking tasks in cycle/event mode.............................................................................................196 16.6 Program control tasks ..................................................................................................................196 Section 17 Assertions ................................................................................................................................... 198 17.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................198 17.2 Immediate assertions....................................................................................................................198 17.3 Concurrent assertions overview...................................................................................................200 17.4 Boolean expressions ....................................................................................................................201 17.5 Sequences.....................................................................................................................................203 17.6 Declaring sequences ....................................................................................................................206 17.7 Sequence operations ....................................................................................................................208 17.8 Manipulating data in a sequence..................................................................................................224 17.9 Calling subroutines on match of a sequence................................................................................228 17.10 System functions..........................................................................................................................229 17.11 Declaring properties.....................................................................................................................229 17.12 Multiple clock support .................................................................................................................240 Accellera Extensions to Verilog-2001 SystemVerilog 3.1a Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved. xi 17.13 Concurrent assertions...................................................................................................................246 17.14 Clock resolution ...........................................................................................................................252 17.15 Binding properties to scopes or instances....................................................................................258 17.16 The expect statement ...................................................................................................................259 Section 18 Hierarchy..................................................................................................................................... 261 18.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................261 18.2 Packages.......................................................................................................................................261 18.3 Compilation unit support .............................................................................................................265 18.4 Top-level instance........................................................................................................................266 18.5 Module declarations.....................................................................................................................267 18.6 Nested modules............................................................................................................................267 18.7 Extern modules ............................................................................................................................269 18.8 Port declarations ..........................................................................................................................270 18.9 List of port expressions................................................................................................................271 18.10 Time unit and precision ...............................................................................................................271 18.11 Module instances .........................................................................................................................272 18.12 Port connection rules ...................................................................................................................276 18.13 Name spaces ................................................................................................................................277 18.14 Hierarchical names ......................................................................................................................278 Section 19 Interfaces ..................................................................................................................................... 279 19.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................279 19.2 Interface syntax............................................................................................................................280 19.3 Ports in interfaces.........................................................................................................................284 19.4 Modports ......................................................................................................................................285 19.5 Interfaces and specify blocks .......................................................................................................291 19.6 Tasks and functions in interfaces.................................................................................................291 19.7 Parameterized interfaces ..............................................................................................................297 19.8 Virtual interfaces..........................................................................................................................299 19.9 Access to interface objects...........................................................................................................303 Section 20 Coverage...................................................................................................................................... 305 20.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................305 20.2 Defining the coverage model: covergroup...................................................................................306 20.3 Using covergroup in classes ........................................................................................................308 20.4 Defining coverage points .............................................................................................................309 20.5 Defining cross coverage...............................................................................................................315 20.6 Specifying coverage options ........................................................................................................319 20.7 Predefined coverage methods ......................................................................................................324 20.8 Predefined coverage system tasks and functions .........................................................................324 20.9 Organization of option and type_option members ......................................................................324 Section 21 Parameters .................................................................................................................................. 326 21.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................326 21.2 Parameter declaration syntax .......................................................................................................327 Section 22 Configuration Libraries............................................................................................................. 330 22.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................330 22.2 Libraries .......................................................................................................................................330 Section 23 System Tasks and System Functions ........................................................................................ 331 23.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................331 23.2 Elaboration-time typeof function.................................................................................................331 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 xii Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 23.3 Typename function ......................................................................................................................331 23.4 Expression size system function ..................................................................................................332 23.5 Range system function.................................................................................................................333 23.6 Shortreal conversions...................................................................................................................333 23.7 Array querying system functions .................................................................................................334 23.8 Assertion severity system tasks ...................................................................................................335 23.9 Assertion control system tasks.....................................................................................................336 23.10 Assertion system functions ..........................................................................................................336 23.11 Random number system functions...............................................................................................337 23.12 Program control ...........................................................................................................................337 23.13 Coverage system functions ..........................................................................................................337 23.14 Enhancements to Verilog-2001 system tasks ..............................................................................337 23.15 $readmemb and $readmemh........................................................................................................338 23.16 $writememb and $writememh .....................................................................................................338 23.17 File format considerations for multi-dimensional unpacked arrays ............................................339 23.18 System task arguments for multi-dimensional unpacked arrays .................................................340 Section 24 VCD Data .................................................................................................................................... 342 Section 25 Compiler Directives.................................................................................................................... 343 25.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................343 25.2 ‘define macros..............................................................................................................................343 25.3 `include ........................................................................................................................................344 Section 26 Features under consideration for removal from SystemVerilog ........................................... 345 26.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................345 26.2 Defparam statements....................................................................................................................345 26.3 Procedural assign and deassign statements..................................................................................345 Section 27 Direct Programming Interface (DPI) ....................................................................................... 347 27.1 Overview......................................................................................................................................347 27.2 Two layers of the DPI ..................................................................................................................348 27.3 Global name space of imported and exported functions..............................................................349 27.4 Imported tasks and functions .......................................................................................................349 27.5 Calling imported functions ..........................................................................................................355 27.6 Exported functions .......................................................................................................................356 27.7 Exported tasks..............................................................................................................................357 27.8 Disabling DPI tasks and functions...............................................................................................357 Section 28 SystemVerilog Assertion API .................................................................................................... 359 28.1 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................359 28.2 Extensions to VPI enumerations..................................................................................................359 28.3 Static information ........................................................................................................................360 28.4 Dynamic information ...................................................................................................................363 28.5 Control functions .........................................................................................................................366 Section 29 SystemVerilog Coverage API .................................................................................................... 368 29.1 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................368 29.2 SystemVerilog real-time coverage access ...................................................................................369 29.3 FSM recognition ..........................................................................................................................374 29.4 VPI coverage extensions..............................................................................................................377 Section 30 SystemVerilog Data Read API .................................................................................................. 381 30.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................381 Accellera Extensions to Verilog-2001 SystemVerilog 3.1a Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved. xiii 30.2 Requirements ...............................................................................................................................381 30.3 Extensions to VPI enumerations..................................................................................................382 30.4 VPI object type additions.............................................................................................................383 30.5 Object model diagrams ................................................................................................................385 30.6 Usage extensions to VPI routines ................................................................................................387 30.7 VPI routines added in SystemVerilog .........................................................................................388 30.8 Reading data ................................................................................................................................389 30.9 Optionally unloading the data......................................................................................................399 30.10 Reading data from multiple databases and/or different read library providers ...........................399 30.11VPI routines extended in SystemVerilog.....................................................................................402 30.12VPI routines added in SystemVerilog .........................................................................................403 Section 31 SystemVerilog VPI Object Model............................................................................................. 407 31.1 Introduction (informative) ...........................................................................................................407 31.2 Instance .......................................................................................................................................409 31.3 Interface ......................................................................................................................................410 31.4 Program........................................................................................................................................410 31.5 Module (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.1) ............................................................................411 31.6 Modport ......................................................................................................................................412 31.7 Interface tf decl ............................................................................................................................412 31.8 Ports (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.5) .................................................................................413 31.9 Ref Obj.........................................................................................................................................414 31.10 Variables (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 section 26.6.8) .............................................................416 31.11 Var Select (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.8).........................................................................418 31.12 Typespec ......................................................................................................................................419 31.13 Variable Drivers and Loads (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.23) ...........................................421 31.14 Instance Arrays (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.2) ................................................................421 31.15 Scope (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.3) ...............................................................................422 31.16 IO Declaration (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.4) .................................................................423 31.17 Clocking Block ...........................................................................................................................424 31.18 Class Object Definition................................................................................................................425 31.19 Constraint, constraint ordering, distribution, ...............................................................................426 31.20 Constraint expression...................................................................................................................427 31.21 Class Variables ...........................................................................................................................428 31.23 Named Events (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.11) ................................................................430 31.24 Task, Function Declaration (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.18)............................................431 31.25 Alias Statement ...........................................................................................................................432 31.26 Frames (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.20)............................................................................433 31.27 Threads.........................................................................................................................................434 31.28 tf call (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.19) ..............................................................................435 31.29 Module path, path term (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.15) .................................................436 31.30 Concurrent assertions ..................................................................................................................437 31.31 Property Decl ..............................................................................................................................437 31.32 Property Specification .................................................................................................................438 31.33 Multiclock Sequence Expression ................................................................................................439 31.34 Sequence Declaration .................................................................................................................440 31.35 Sequence Expression ..................................................................................................................441 31.36 Attribute (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.42) ........................................................................442 31.37 Atomic Statement (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.27) .........................................................443 31.38 If, if else, return, case, do while (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.35, 26.6.36).......................444 31.39 waits, disables, expect, foreach (supersedes IEEE 1364 26.6.38) ...............................................445 31.40 Simple expressions (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.25) ........................................................446 31.41 Expressions (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.26) ....................................................................447 31.42 Event control (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.30)..................................................................448 Accellera SystemVerilog 3.1a Extensions to Verilog-2001 xiv Copyright 2004 Accellera. All rights reserved . 31.43 Event stmt (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.27) .....................................................................448 31.44 Process (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.27) ..........................................................................449 31.45 Assignment (supersedes IEEE 1364-2001 26.6.28) ...................................................................449 Annex A Formal Syntax.............................................................................................................................. 451 Annex B Keywords ...................................................................................................................................... 488 Annex C Std Package ................................................................................................................................. 490 Annex D Linked Lists................................................................................................................................. 492 Annex E DPI C-layer .................................................................................................................................. 498 Annex F Include files .................................................................................................................................. 523 Annex G Inclusion of Foreign Language Code ......................................................................................... 529 Annex H Formal Semantics of Concurrent Assertions ............................................................................ 533 Annex I sv_vpi_user.h................................................................................................................................ 544 Annex J Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 553 Annex K Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 555 Index 557
PHP5 完整官方 中文教程
03-08
PHP5 完整官方 中文教程 版权信息 前言 入门指引 简介 简明教程 安装与配置 安装前需要考虑的事项 Unix 系统下的安装 Mac OS X 系统下的安装 Windows 系统下的安装 PECL 扩展库安装 还有问题？ 运行时配置 语言参考 基本语法 类型 变量 常量 表达式 运算符 控制结构 函数 类与对象（PHP 4） 类与对象（PHP 5） Namespaces 异常处理 引用的解释 安全 简介 总则 以 CGI 模式安装时 以 Apache 模块安装时 文件系统安全 数据库安全 错误报告 使用 Register Globals 用户提交的数据 魔术引号 隐藏 PHP 保持更新 特点 用 PHP 进行 HTTP 认证 Cookie 会话 处理 XForms 文件上传处理 使用远程文件 连接处理 数据库永久连接 安全模式 PHP 的命令行模式 函数参考 .NET — .NET 函数 Apache — Apache 特有函数 APC — APC 可选 PHP 缓存 APD — APD 高级 PHP 调试器 Arrays — Array 数组函数 Aspell — Aspell 函数（已废弃） BBCode — BBCode Functions BC math — BC math 高精度数学函数 bcompiler — BCompiler PHP 字节码编译器 Bzip2 — Bzip2 压缩函数 Calendar — Calendar 日历函数 CCVS — CCVS API 函数（已废弃） Classes/Objects — Classes/Objects 类／对象函数 Classkit — Classkit 函数 ClibPDF — ClibPDF Functions [deprecated] COM — COM 和 .Net（Windows）函数 Crack — Crack Functions ctype — Character Type Functions CURL — CURL, Client URL Library Functions Cybercash — Cybercash Payment Functions CyberMUT — Credit Mutuel CyberMUT functions Cyrus IMAP — Cyrus IMAP administration Functions Date/Time — Date/Time 日期／时间函数 DB++ — DB++ Functions dba — Database (dbm-style) Abstraction Layer Functions dBase — dBase Functions DBM — DBM Functions [deprecated] dbx — dbx Functions Direct IO — Direct IO Functions Directories — Directory 目录函数 DOM — DOM Functions DOM XML — DOM XML Functions enchant — enchant Functions Errors and Logging — Error Handling and Logging Functions Exif — Exif Functions Expect — Expect Functions fam — File Alteration Monitor Functions FDF — Forms Data Format Functions Fileinfo — Fileinfo Functions filePro — filePro Functions Filesystem — Filesystem 文件系统函数 Filter — Filter Functions Firebird/InterBase — Firebird/InterBase Functions Firebird/Interbase (PDO) — Firebird/Interbase Functions (PDO_FIREBIRD) FriBiDi — FriBiDi Functions FrontBase — FrontBase Functions FTP — FTP 函数 Function handling — Function Handling Functions GeoIP — GeoIP Functions gettext — Gettext Functions GMP — GMP Functions gnupg — gnupg 函数 gopher — Net_Gopher haru — Haru PDF Functions hash — hash Functions HTTP — HTTP 函数 Hyperwave — Hyperwave Functions Hyperwave API — Hyperwave API Functions i18n — i18n 函数 IBM (PDO) — IBM Functions (PDO_IBM) ibm_db2 — IBM DB2, Cloudscape and Apache Derby Functions iconv — iconv Functions id3 — ID3 Functions IIS Functions — IIS Administration Functions Image — Image 图像函数 Imagick Image Library IMAP — IMAP, POP3 and NNTP Functions Informix — Informix Functions Informix (PDO) — Informix Functions (PDO_INFORMIX) Ingres II — Ingres II Functions IRC Gateway — IRC Gateway Functions Java — PHP / Java Integration JSON — JSON 函数 kadm5 — KADM5 LDAP — LDAP Functions libxml — libxml Functions Lotus Notes — Lotus Notes Functions LZF — LZF Functions Mail — Mail 邮件函数 Mailparse — Mailparse Functions Math — Math 数学函数 MaxDB — MaxDB PHP Extension MCAL — MCAL Functions mcrypt — Mcrypt Encryption Functions MCVE — MCVE (Monetra) Payment Functions Memcache — Memcache Functions mhash — Mhash Functions Mimetype — Mimetype Functions Ming (flash) — Ming functions for Flash Misc. — Miscellaneous Functions mnoGoSearch — mnoGoSearch Functions MS SQL Server — Microsoft SQL Server Functions MS SQL Server (PDO) — Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase Functions (PDO_DBLIB) Msession — Mohawk Software Session Handler Functions mSQL — mSQL Functions Multibyte String — Multibyte String Functions muscat — muscat Functions MySQL — MySQL 函数 MySQL (PDO) — MySQL Functions (PDO_MYSQL) mysqli — MySQLi 扩展库 Ncurses — Ncurses Terminal Screen Control Functions Network — Network Functions Newt — Newt Functions NSAPI — NSAPI-specific Functions Object Aggregation — Object Aggregation/Composition Functions Object overloading — Object property and method call overloading OCI8 — Oracle 函数 ODBC — ODBC Functions (Unified) ODBC and DB2 (PDO) — ODBC and DB2 Functions (PDO_ODBC) OGG/Vorbis — oggvorbis openal — OpenAL Audio Bindings OpenSSL — OpenSSL Functions Oracle — Oracle 函数（已废弃） Oracle (PDO) — Oracle Functions (PDO_OCI) Output Control — Output Control 输出控制函数 OvrimosSQL — Ovrimos SQL Functions Paradox — Paradox File Access Parsekit — Parsekit Functions PCNTL — Process Control Functions PCRE — Perl 兼容正则表达式函数 PDF — PDF 函数 PDO — PDO Functions phar — Phar archive stream and classes PHP Options/Info — PHP Options&Information POSIX — POSIX Functions POSIX Regex — POSIX 扩展正则表达式函数 PostgreSQL — PostgreSQL 数据库函数 PostgreSQL (PDO) — PostgreSQL Functions (PDO_PGSQL) Printer — Printer Functions Program Execution — Program Execution Functions PS — PostScript document creation Pspell — Pspell Functions qtdom — qtdom Functions radius — Radius Rar — Rar Functions Readline — GNU Readline Recode — GNU Recode Functions RPMReader — RPM Header Reading 函数 runkit — runkit Functions SAM — SAM - Simple Asynchronous Messaging Satellite — Satellite CORBA client extension [deprecated] SCA — SCA Functions SDO — SDO Functions SDO DAS XML — SDO XML Data Access Service Functions SDO-DAS-Relational — SDO Relational Data Access Service Functions Semaphore — Semaphore, Shared Memory and IPC Functions SESAM — SESAM Database Functions Session PgSQL — PostgreSQL Session Save Handler Sessions — Session 会话处理函数 shmop — Shared Memory Functions SimpleXML — SimpleXML functions SNMP — SNMP 函数 SOAP — SOAP Functions Sockets — Socket Functions spl — Standard PHP Library (SPL) Functions SQLite — SQLite Functions SQLite (PDO) — SQLite Functions (PDO_SQLITE) ssh2 — Secure Shell2 Functions Statistics — Statistics Functions Streams — Stream Functions Strings — String 字符串处理函数 SVN — Subversion 函数 SWF — Shockwave Flash Functions swish — Swish Functions Sybase — Sybase Functions TCP Wrappers — TCP Wrappers Functions tidy — Tidy Functions Tokenizer — Tokenizer Functions Unicode — Unicode Functions URLs — URL 函数 Variables — Variable 变量函数 Verisign Payflow Pro — Verisign Payflow Pro Functions vpopmail — vpopmail Functions W32api — W32api 函数 WDDX — WDDX Functions win32ps — win32ps Functions win32service — win32service Functions xattr — xattr Functions xdiff — xdiff Functions XML — XML 语法解析函数 XML-RPC — XML-RPC 函数 XMLReader — XMLReader functions XMLWriter — XMLWriter Functions XSL — XSL functions XSLT — XSLT Functions YAZ — YAZ Functions YP/NIS — YP/NIS Functions Zip — Zip File Functions Zlib — Zlib Compression Functions PHP at the Core: A Hacker's Guide to the Zend Engine The PHP 5 build system Extension structure Memory management Working with variables Writing functions Working with classes and objects Working with resources Working with INI settings Working with streams PDO Driver How-To Extension FAQs Zend Engine 2 API reference Zend Engine 1 The future: PHP 6 and Zend Engine 3 FAQ — FAQ：常见问题 一般信息 邮件列表 获取 PHP 数据库问题 安装 — 安装常见问题 编译问题 使用 PHP PHP 和 HTML PHP 和 COM PHP 和其它语言 从 PHP/FI 2 移植到 PHP 3 从 PHP 3 移植到 PHP 4 从 PHP 4 移植到 PHP 5 杂类问题 附录 PHP 及其相关工程的历史 Migrating from PHP 5.1.x to PHP 5.2.x Migrating from PHP 5.0.x to PHP 5.1.x 从 PHP 4 移植到 PHP 5 从 PHP 3 移植到 PHP 4 从 PHP/FI 2 移植到 PHP 3 PHP 的调试 配置选项 php.ini 配置选项 所支持时区列表 扩展库分类 函数别名列表 保留字列表 资源类型列表 支持的协议／封装协议列表 可用过滤器列表 所支持的套接字传输器（Socket Transports）列表 PHP 类型比较表 解析器代号列表 Userland Naming Guide 关于本手册 开放出版许可协议 函数索引 补充说明
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