1, 读写空指针
先看第一种情况,printf试图访问空指针,以打印出字符串,而sprintf试图向空指针写入字符串,这时,linux会在GNU C函数库的帮助下,允许读空指针,但不允许写空指针。
#include
<
unistd.h
>
#include < stdlib.h >
#include < stdio.h >
int main()
{
char * some_memory = ( char * ) 0 ;
printf( " A read from null %s/n " , some_memory);
sprintf(some_memory, " A write to null/n " );
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
#include < stdlib.h >
#include < stdio.h >
int main()
{
char * some_memory = ( char * ) 0 ;
printf( " A read from null %s/n " , some_memory);
sprintf(some_memory, " A write to null/n " );
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
再来看第2种情况,直接读地址0的数据,这时没有GNU libc函数库在我们和内核之间了,因此不允许执行。
#include
<
unistd.h
>
#include < stdlib.h >
#include < stdio.h >
int main()
{
char z = * ( const char * ) 0 ;
printf( " I read from location zero/n " );
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
#include < stdlib.h >
#include < stdio.h >
int main()
{
char z = * ( const char * ) 0 ;
printf( " I read from location zero/n " );
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
2,今天看到400页了,做个小结。第三章文件和目录,第四章参数,选项处理和环境变量,第五章和第六章都是终端的编程,第7章内存管理和文件加锁机制,包括整个文件封锁和部分区域封锁,第八章MySQL跳过不看,
3,使用make命令就可以完成编译,修改某些源码后再次make就可以编译修改部分与其他引用到的文件。下面是最简单的一个示例:
main.c
#include
<
stdio.h
>
#include " hello.h "
int main()
{
printf( " hi,first line/n " );
sayHello();
return 0 ;
}
#include " hello.h "
int main()
{
printf( " hi,first line/n " );
sayHello();
return 0 ;
}
hello.h
void
sayHello();
hello.c
#include
"
hello.h
"
void sayHello()
{
printf( " hello,world/n " );
}
void sayHello()
{
printf( " hello,world/n " );
}
Makefile
helloworld: main.o hello.o
gcc - o helloworld main.o hello.o
main.o: main.c hello.h
gcc - c main.c - o main.o
hello.o: hello.c hello.h
gcc - c hello.c - o hello.o
clean:
rm - rf * .o helloworld
gcc - o helloworld main.o hello.o
main.o: main.c hello.h
gcc - c main.c - o main.o
hello.o: hello.c hello.h
gcc - c hello.c - o hello.o
clean:
rm - rf * .o helloworld
执行
make
. / helloworld
make clean
. / helloworld
make clean
4,对上面Makefile的第一个改进版本
OBJFILE
=
main.o hello.o
CC = gcc
CFLAGS = - Wall - O - g
helloworld: $(OBJFILE)
$(CC) - o helloworld $(OBJFILE)
main.o: main.c hello.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c main.c - o main.o
hello.o: hello.c hello.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c hello.c - o hello.o
clean:
rm - rf * .o helloworld
CC = gcc
CFLAGS = - Wall - O - g
helloworld: $(OBJFILE)
$(CC) - o helloworld $(OBJFILE)
main.o: main.c hello.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c main.c - o main.o
hello.o: hello.c hello.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c hello.c - o hello.o
clean:
rm - rf * .o helloworld
5,对上面Makefile的第二个改进版本
CC
=
gcc
CFLAGS = - Wall - O - g
TARGET = . / helloworld
% .o: % .c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c $ < - o $@
SOURCES = $(wildcard * .c)
OBJFILE = $(patsubst % .c, % .o,$(SOURCES))
$(TARGET): $(OBJFILE)
$(CC) $(OBJFILE) - o $(TARGET)
chmod a + x $(TARGET)
clean:
rm - rf * .o $(TARGET)
CFLAGS = - Wall - O - g
TARGET = . / helloworld
% .o: % .c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c $ < - o $@
SOURCES = $(wildcard * .c)
OBJFILE = $(patsubst % .c, % .o,$(SOURCES))
$(TARGET): $(OBJFILE)
$(CC) $(OBJFILE) - o $(TARGET)
chmod a + x $(TARGET)
clean:
rm - rf * .o $(TARGET)
6,上面Makefile的第三个改进版本,加入install功能
#which complier
CC = gcc
# where to install
INSTDIR = / usr / local / bin
# where are include files kept
INCLUDE = .
#options for dev
CFLAGS = - Wall - O - g
TARGET = . / helloworld
% .o: % .c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c $ < - o $@
SOURCES = $(wildcard * .c)
OBJFILE = $(patsubst % .c, % .o,$(SOURCES))
$(TARGET): $(OBJFILE)
$(CC) $(OBJFILE) - o $(TARGET)
chmod a + x $(TARGET)
clean:
rm - rf * .o
install: $(TARGET)
@if [ - d $(INSTDIR) ]; /
then /
cp $(TARGET) $(INSTDIR);/
chmod a + x $(INSTDIR) / $(TARGET);/
chmod og - w $(INSTDIR) / $(TARGET);/
echo " installed in $(INSTDIR) " ;/
else /
echo " sorry,$(INSTDIR) does not exist " ;/
fi
CC = gcc
# where to install
INSTDIR = / usr / local / bin
# where are include files kept
INCLUDE = .
#options for dev
CFLAGS = - Wall - O - g
TARGET = . / helloworld
% .o: % .c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) - c $ < - o $@
SOURCES = $(wildcard * .c)
OBJFILE = $(patsubst % .c, % .o,$(SOURCES))
$(TARGET): $(OBJFILE)
$(CC) $(OBJFILE) - o $(TARGET)
chmod a + x $(TARGET)
clean:
rm - rf * .o
install: $(TARGET)
@if [ - d $(INSTDIR) ]; /
then /
cp $(TARGET) $(INSTDIR);/
chmod a + x $(INSTDIR) / $(TARGET);/
chmod og - w $(INSTDIR) / $(TARGET);/
echo " installed in $(INSTDIR) " ;/
else /
echo " sorry,$(INSTDIR) does not exist " ;/
fi
执行:
make install
make clean
make clean
参考资料: