C++工厂方法模式（Factory Method Pattern）

意图

定义一个用于创建对象的接口，让子类决定实例化哪一个类。该模式使一个类的实例化延迟到其子类。

动机

框架使用抽象类定义和维护对象之间的关系。这些对象的创建通常也由框架负责。

适用性

• 当一个类不知道它所必须创建的对象的类的时候。
• 当一个类希望由它的子类来指定它创建的对象的时候。
• 当类将创建对象的职责委托给多个帮助子类中的某一个，并且你希望将哪一个帮助子类是代理者这一信息局部化的时候。

类图

例子场景

假设你有一家披萨店，你的加盟店希望所有订单处理都一致，每个披萨店的主要差异在于比萨风味，比如纽约披萨的薄饼，芝加哥比萨的厚饼，每个披萨需要做一些准备（和面、加上佐料），然后烘烤、切片、装盒。

实现

Pizza.h

#pragma once

#include <string>
#include <vector>

class Pizza
{
public:
	Pizza();
	virtual void prepare();
	virtual void bake();
	virtual void cut();
	virtual void box();
protected:
	std::string m_name;
	std::string m_dough;
	std::string m_sauce;
	std::vector<std::string> m_toppings;
};

Pizza.cpp

#include "Pizza.h"
#include <iostream>

Pizza::Pizza()
{
}

void Pizza::prepare()
{
	std::cout << "Preparing " << m_name << std::endl;
	std::cout << "Tossing dough..." << std::endl;
	std::cout << "Adding sauce..." << std::endl;
	std::cout << "Add toppings: ";
	for (size_t i = 0;i < m_toppings.size(); ++i)
	{
		std::cout << m_toppings[i];
	}
	std::cout << std::endl;
}

void Pizza::bake()
{
	std::cout << "Bake for 25 minutes at 350"<<std::endl;
}

void Pizza::cut()
{
	std::cout << "Cutting the pizza into diagonal slices" << std::endl;
}

void Pizza::box()
{
	std::cout << "Place pizza in official PizzaStore box" << std::endl;
}

PizzaStore.h

#pragma once

#include <string>

class Pizza;
class PizzaStore
{
public:
	PizzaStore();
	void orderPizza(const std::string& pizzaName);
	virtual Pizza* createPizza(const std::string& pizzaName)=0;
};

PizzaStore.cpp

#include "PizzaStore.h"
#include "Pizza.h"
#include <memory>

PizzaStore::PizzaStore()
{
}

void PizzaStore::orderPizza(const std::string& pizzaName)
{
	std::shared_ptr<Pizza> pPizza;
	pPizza.reset(createPizza(pizzaName));

	pPizza->prepare();
	pPizza->bake();
	pPizza->cut();
	pPizza->box();
}

NYPizzaStore.h

#pragma once

#include "PizzaStore.h"

class Pizza;
class NYPizzaStore : public PizzaStore
{
public:
	NYPizzaStore();
	Pizza *createPizza(const std::string& pizzaName) override;
};

NYPizzaStore.cpp

#include "NYPizzaStore.h"
#include "NYStyleCheesePizza.h"

NYPizzaStore::NYPizzaStore()
{

}

Pizza* NYPizzaStore::createPizza(const std::string& pizzaName)
{
	Pizza* pPizza = nullptr;
	if (pizzaName == "Cheese")
	{
		pPizza = new NYStyleCheesePizza();
	}
	
	return pPizza;
}

NYStyleCheesePizza.h

#pragma once
#include "Pizza.h"
class NYStyleCheesePizza : public Pizza
{
public:
	NYStyleCheesePizza();
};

NYStyleCheesePizza.cpp

#include "NYStyleCheesePizza.h"

NYStyleCheesePizza::NYStyleCheesePizza()
{
	m_name = "NY Style Sauce and Cheese Pizza";
	m_dough = "Thin Crust Dough";
	m_sauce = "Marinara Sauce";

	m_toppings.push_back("Grated Reggiano CHeese");
}

ChicagoPizzaStore.h

#pragma once
#include "PizzaStore.h"
class ChicagoPizzaStore : public PizzaStore
{
public:
	ChicagoPizzaStore();
	Pizza* createPizza(const std::string& pizzaName) override;
};

ChicagoPizzaStore.cpp

#include "ChicagoPizzaStore.h"
#include "ChicagoStyleCheesePizza.h"

ChicagoPizzaStore::ChicagoPizzaStore()
{
    
}

Pizza* ChicagoPizzaStore::createPizza(const std::string& pizzaName)
{
    Pizza* pPizza = nullptr;
    if (pizzaName == "Cheese")
    {
        pPizza = new ChicagoStyleCheesePizza();
    }

    return pPizza;
}

ChicagoStyleCheesePizza.h

#pragma once
#include "Pizza.h"
class ChicagoStyleCheesePizza : public Pizza
{
public:
	ChicagoStyleCheesePizza();
	void cut() override;
};

ChicagoStyleCheesePizza.cpp

#include "ChicagoStyleCheesePizza.h"
#include <iostream>

ChicagoStyleCheesePizza::ChicagoStyleCheesePizza()
{
	m_name = "Chicago Style Deep Dish Cheese Pizza";
	m_dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
	m_sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";

	m_toppings.push_back("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
}

void ChicagoStyleCheesePizza::cut()
{
	std::cout << "Cutting the pizza into square slices"<<std::endl;
}

main.cpp

#include "ChicagoPizzaStore.h"
#include "NYPizzaStore.h"
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
	std::shared_ptr<PizzaStore> pChicagoPizzaStore = std::make_shared<ChicagoPizzaStore>();
	std::shared_ptr<PizzaStore> pNYPizzaStore = std::make_shared<NYPizzaStore>();

	pChicagoPizzaStore->orderPizza("Cheese");
	std::cout << std::endl;
	pNYPizzaStore->orderPizza("Cheese");

	return 0;
}

输出