string.h详解

1.memchr

void * memchr ( void * ptr, int value, size_t num );

功能：从str指内存区域的前num个字节查找字符value。

说明：当第一次遇到字符value时停止查找。如果成功，返回指向字符value的指针；否则返回NULL。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    char *pch;
    char str[] = "Example string";
    pch = (char*)memchr(str, 'p', strlen(str));
    if (pch != NULL)
        printf("'p' found at position %d.\n", pch - str + 1);
    else
        printf("'p' not found.\n");
    return 0;
}

Output:

'p' found at position 5.

memcmp

int memcmp ( const void * ptr1, const void * ptr2, size_t num );

ptr1是字符串1；ptr2是字符串2；num是对比的字数。

功能：memcmp是比较内存区域buf1和buf2的前count个字节。该函数是按字节比较的。

说明：当buf1<buf2时，返回值小于0
当buf1==buf2时，返回值=0
当buf1>buf2时，返回值大于0

/* memcmp example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char buffer1[] = "DWgaOtP12df0";
  char buffer2[] = "DWGAOTP12DF0";

  int n;

  n=memcmp ( buffer1, buffer2, sizeof(buffer1) );

  if (n>0) printf ("'%s' is greater than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
  else if (n<0) printf ("'%s' is less than '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);
  else printf ("'%s' is the same as '%s'.\n",buffer1,buffer2);

  return 0;
}

Output:

'DWgaOtP12df0' is greater than 'DWGAOTP12DF0'.

memcpy

void * memcpy ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );

功能：将source复制到destination，num是source的长度。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct {
  char name[40];
  int age;
} person, person_copy;

int main ()
{
  char myname[] = "Pierre de Fermat";

  /* using memcpy to copy string: */
  memcpy ( person.name, myname, strlen(myname)+1 );
  person.age = 46;

  /* using memcpy to copy structure: */
  memcpy ( &person_copy, &person, sizeof(person) );

  printf ("person_copy: %s, %d \n", person_copy.name, person_copy.age );

  return 0;
}

Output:

person_copy: Pierre de Fermat, 46 

memmove

void * memmove ( void * destination, const void * source, size_t num );

功能：将source开始的num个字符赋值到destination。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] = "memmove can be very useful......";
  memmove (str+20,str+15,11);
  puts (str);
  return 0;
}

Output:

memmove can be very very useful.

和memcpy什么区别呢？

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    char str[] = "123456789";
    memmove(str+5, str,3);
    puts(str);
    getchar();
    return 0;
}

Output:

123451239

memset

void * memset ( void * ptr, int value, size_t num );
功能：如下代码。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] = "almost every programmer should know memset!";
  memset (str,'-',6);
  puts (str);
  char str[] = "almost every programmer should know memset!";
  memset (str,'-',6);
  puts (str);
  return 0;
}

output:
------ every programmer should know memset!

strcat

char * strcat ( char * destination, const char * source );

功能：将source加到destination后面。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[80];
  strcpy (str,"these ");
  strcat (str,"strings ");
  strcat (str,"are ");
  strcat (str,"concatenated.");
  puts (str);
  return 0;
}

Output:

these strings are concatenated. 

strchr

const char * strchr ( const char * str, int character );
char * strchr ( char * str, int character );
功能：在str中字符串中找character，找到则返回地址，否则返回NULL；

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] = "This is a sample string";
  char * pch;
  printf ("Looking for the 's' character in \"%s\"...\n",str);
  pch=strchr(str,'s');
  while (pch!=NULL)
  {
    printf ("found at %d\n",pch-str+1);
    pch=strchr(pch+1,'s');
  }
  return 0;
}

Output:

Looking for the 's' character in "This is a sample string"...
found at 4
found at 7
found at 11
found at 18

strcmp

int strcmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );

功能：对比，类似memcmp

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char key[] = "apple";
  char buffer[80];
  do {
     printf ("Guess my favorite fruit? ");
     fflush (stdout);
     scanf ("%79s",buffer);
  } while (strcmp (key,buffer) != 0);
  puts ("Correct answer!");
  return 0;
}

Output:

Guess my favourite fruit? orange
Guess my favourite fruit? apple
Correct answer!

strcoll

int strcoll ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );
没研究清楚。

strcpy

char * strcpy ( char * destination, const char * source );
功能：将source复制到destination

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str1[]="Sample string";
  char str2[40];
  char str3[40];
  strcpy (str2,str1);
  strcpy (str3,"copy successful");
  printf ("str1: %s\nstr2: %s\nstr3: %s\n",str1,str2,str3);
  return 0;
}

Output:

str1: Sample string
str2: Sample string
str3: copy successful

strcspn

size_t strcspn ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );
功能：如果str1和str2中有相同的字符，那么输出位置，否则返回长度（strlen（str1））；
说明：strpbrk和strcspn这两个函数功能相似，区别在于前者返回的是一个指针，而后而返回的是一个数组下标值

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] = "fcba73";
  char keys[] = "1234567890";
  int i;
  i = strcspn (str,keys);
  printf ("The first number in str is at position %d.\n",i+1);
  return 0;
}

Output:

The first number in str is at position 5

strlen

size_t strlen ( const char * str );
功能：返回str的字符串长度。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char szInput[256];
  printf ("Enter a sentence: ");
  gets (szInput);
  printf ("The sentence entered is %u characters long.\n",(unsigned)strlen(szInput));
  return 0;
}

Output:

Enter sentence: just testing
The sentence entered is 12 characters long.

strncat

char * strncat ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num );
功能：将source的前num个字符添加到destination后面，返回destination。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str1[20];
  char str2[20];
  strcpy (str1,"To be ");
  strcpy (str2,"or not to be");
  strncat (str1, str2, 6);
  puts (str1);
  return 0;
}

Output:

To be or not

strncmp

int strncmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2, size_t num );
功能：在str1中查找是否有str2中的前num个字符，返回如strcmp。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[][5] = { "R2D2" , "C3PO" , "R2A6" };
  int n;
  puts ("Looking for R2 astromech droids...");
  for (n=0 ; n<3 ; n++)
    if (strncmp (str[n],"R2xx",2) == 0)
    {
      printf ("found %s\n",str[n]);
    }
  return 0;
}

Output:

Looking for R2 astromech droids...
found R2D2
found R2A6

strncpy

char * strncpy ( char * destination, const char * source, size_t num );
功能：将source的前num个字符复制到destination。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str1[]= "To be or not to be";
  char str2[40];
  char str3[40];

  /* copy to sized buffer (overflow safe): */
  strncpy ( str2, str1, sizeof(str2) );

  /* partial copy (only 5 chars): */
  strncpy ( str3, str2, 5 );
  str3[5] = '\0';   /* null character manually added */

  puts (str1);
  puts (str2);
  puts (str3);

  return 0;
}

Output:

To be or not to be
To be or not to be
To be 

strpbrk

const char * strpbrk ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );
char * strpbrk ( char * str1, const char * str2 );
功能：如果str1和str2中有相同的字符，那么输出位置，否则返回长度（strlen（str1））；
说明：strpbrk和strcspn这两个函数功能相似，区别在于前者返回的是一个指针，而后而返回的是一个数组下标值。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] = "This is a sample string";
  char key[] = "aeiou";
  char * pch;
  printf ("Vowels in '%s': ",str);
  pch = strpbrk (str, key);
  while (pch != NULL)
  {
    printf ("%c " , *pch);
    pch = strpbrk (pch+1,key);
  }
  printf ("\n");
  return 0;
}

Output:

Vowels in 'This is a sample string': i i a a e i 

strrchr

const char * strrchr ( const char * str, int character );
char * strrchr ( char * str, int character );
功能：查找一个字符串在另一个字符串中 末次 出现的位置，并返回地址，否则返回NULL；

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] = "This is a sample string";
  char * pch;
  pch=strrchr(str,'s');
  printf ("Last occurence of 's' found at %d \n",pch-str+1);
  return 0;
}

Output:

Last occurrence of 's' found at 18

strspn

size_t strspn ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );
功能：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  int i;
  char strtext[] = "129th";
  char cset[] = "1234567890";

  i = strspn (strtext,cset);
  printf ("The initial number has %d digits.\n",i);
  return 0;
}

Output:

The initial number has 3 digits.

strstr

const char * strstr ( const char * str1, const char * str2 );
char * strstr ( char * str1, const char * str2 );
功能：str2是否是str1的子串。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] ="This is a simple string";
  char * pch;
  pch = strstr (str,"simple");
  strncpy (pch,"sample",6);
  puts (str);
  return 0;
}

Output:

This is a sample string

strtok

char * strtok ( char * str, const char * delimiters );
功能：切割字符串，将str切分成一个个子串，delimiters作为分割点
函数返回值：
  当s中的字符查找到末尾时，返回NULL;
  如果查不到delimiter所标示的字符，则返回当前strtok的字符串的指针。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main ()
{
  char str[] ="- This, a sample string.";
  char * pch;
  printf ("Splitting string \"%s\" into tokens:\n",str);
  pch = strtok (str," ,.-");
  while (pch != NULL)
  {
    printf ("%s\n",pch);
    pch = strtok (NULL, " ,.-");
  }
  return 0;
}

Output:

Splitting string "- This, a sample string." into tokens:
This
a
sample
string

strxfrm

spn没写完