Model Checking(模型检测)

1. Definition

给定一个系统和一个我们期待拥有的属性P, Model checking 会探索这个系统的每个状态,验证系统是否满足定义的性质。如果满足直接返回True,否则会给出一个反例(counter example)。如果系统被证明是正确的,说明该系统的所有的行为都已经被探索并满足了所定义的规约。

Advantages: (1)这是一个完全自动的过程,不需要测试有专业的数学方面的知识;(2)当设计不满足所期待的属性时,model checking会产生一个反例展示违反的属性。这个faulty trace提供了一个无价的见解帮助我们理解falure,并作为一个重要的线索帮助我们修复/解决问题。

2.Motivation

How to ensure the correctness of a design?

3. Traditional validation methods

(1) Testing

将被测系统当作一个黑盒,给予输入到系统本身,然后观察系统得输出,如果所有的输出结果符合预期的话,就通过测试。(作用于实际的系统)

 (2) Simulation

给予输入到原型系统,然后观察对应的输出(作用于模拟的系统或者系统的抽象)

Limitation:上述的两种方法没有办法证明系统正确性,只能发现了问题。

(3) Reasoning and deducation

使用数学的方法去证明系统的正确性

Limitation:不能够自动,很难处理复杂的系统,对测试人员要求比较高

4. How does it work?

(1) General framework

(2) Modeling Language — Petri Net

 (3) Formula Language — LTL;CTL

(a) LTL concepts

 (b) LTL 模型检测框架

 4. Weakness or Problem?

 

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Model checking is a technique for verifying finite state concurrent systems such as sequential circuit designs and communication protocols. It has a number of advantages over traditional approaches that are based on simulation, testing, and deductive reasoning. In particular, model checking is automatic and usually quite fast. Also, if the design contains an error, model checking will produce a counterexample that can be used to pinpoint the source of the error. The method, which was awarded the 1998 ACM Paris Kanellakis Award for Theory and Practice, has been used successfully in practice to verify real industrial designs, and companies are beginning to market commercial model checkers. The main challenge in model checking is dealing with the state space explosion problem. This problem occurs in systems with many components that can interact with each other or systems with data structures that can assume many different values. In such cases the number of global states can be enormous. Researchers have made considerable progress on this problem over the last ten years. This is the first comprehensive presentation of the theory and practice of model checking. The book, which includes basic as well as state-of-the-art techniques, algorithms, and tools, can be used both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference for researchers. About the Authors Edmund M. Clarke, a pioneer of the automated method called Model Checking, is FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, and a winner of the 2007 Turing Award given by the Association for Computing Machinery. Doron Peled is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Endorsements "Model Checking is bound to be the pre-eminent source for research, teaching, and industrial practice on this important subject. The authors include the foremost experts. This is the first truly comprehensive treatment of a line of research that has gone from conception to industrial practice in only two decades." —R. P. Kurshan, Distinguished Member Technical Staff, Bell Laboratories
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