定义
X X X 为随机变量,其特征函数【记为 φ X ( v ) \varphi _X(v) φX(v)或 φ ( v ) \varphi (v) φ(v)】
φ X ( v ) = E ( e i v X ) , v ∈ ( − ∞ , + ∞ ) \varphi_X(v)=E(e^{ivX}),v\in(-\infty,+\infty) φX(v)=E(eivX),v∈(−∞,+∞)
对于实数 v ∈ ( − ∞ , + ∞ ) v\in(-\infty,+\infty) v∈(−∞,+∞),总有 ∣ e i v X ∣ = 1 |e^{ivX}|=1 ∣eivX∣=1.
欧拉公式: e i θ = c o s θ + i s i n θ e^{i\theta}=cos\theta+isin\theta eiθ=cosθ+isinθ
离散型特征函数
概率分布:
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P(X=xi)=pk,k=1,2,3,...
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\varphi_X(v)=E(e^{ivX})=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}e^{ivx_k}p_k
φX(v)=E(eivX)=∑k=1∞eivxkpk
连续型特征函数
概率分布:
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\varphi_X(v)=E(e^{ivX})=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}e^{ivx}f(x)dx
φX(v)=E(eivX)=∫−∞+∞eivxf(x)dx
常见分布特征函数
分布 | 标志 | 概率分布 | 特征函数 |
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两点分布 | X ∼ ( 0 − 1 ) X\sim (0-1) X∼(0−1) | P ( X = K ) = p k ( 1 − p ) 1 − k , k = 0 , 1 , 0 < p < 1 P(X=K)=p^k(1-p)^{1-k},k=0,1,0<p<1 P(X=K)=pk(1−p)1−k,k=0,1,0<p<1 | 1 − p + p e i v 1-p+pe^{iv} 1−p+peiv |
两项分布 | B ( n , p ) B(n,p) B(n,p) | P ( X = k ) = C n k p k ( 1 − p ) n − k , k = 0 , 1 , 2... n , 0 < p < 1 P(X=k)=\textrm{C}_{n}^{k}p^k(1-p)^{n-k},k=0,1,2...n,0<p<1 P(X=k)=Cnkpk(1−p)n−k,k=0,1,2...n,0<p<1 | ( p e i v + 1 − p ) n (pe^{iv}+1-p)^n (peiv+1−p)n |
泊松分布 | X ∼ π ( λ ) X\sim \pi(\lambda) X∼π(λ) | P ( X = k ) = λ k e − λ k ! P(X=k)= \frac {\lambda ^k e^{-\lambda}}{k!} P(X=k)=k!λke−λ | e λ ( e i v − 1 ) e^{\lambda(e^{iv}-1)} eλ(eiv−1) |
均匀分布 | U ( a , b ) U(a,b) U(a,b) | f ( x ) = { 1 b − a , a < x < b 0 , o t h e r f(x)=\left\{\begin{matrix}\frac {1}{b-a},a<x<b\\0,other\end{matrix}\right. f(x)={b−a1,a<x<b0,other | i ( b − a ) v ( c o s v a − c o s v b ) − ( s i n v a − s i n v b ) ( b − a ) v \frac{i}{(b-a)v}(cos va-cosvb)-\frac{(sinva-sinvb)}{(b-a)v} (b−a)vi(cosva−cosvb)−(b−a)v(sinva−sinvb) |
指数分布 | X ∼ Z ( α ) X\sim Z(\alpha) X∼Z(α) | f ( x ) = { α e − α x , x > 0 , α > 1 0 , x ⩽ 0 f(x)=\left\{\begin{matrix}\alpha e^{-\alpha x},x>0,\alpha>1\\0,x\leqslant0\end{matrix}\right. f(x)={αe−αx,x>0,α>10,x⩽0 | α 2 α 2 + v 2 + i α v α 2 + v 2 \frac{\alpha^2}{\alpha^2+v^2}+i\frac{\alpha v}{\alpha^2+v^2} α2+v2α2+iα2+v2αv |
标准正态分布 | X ∼ N ( 0 , 1 ) X\sim N(0,1) X∼N(0,1) | f ( x ) = 1 2 π e − x 2 2 f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}} f(x)=2π1e−2x2 | e − v 2 2 e^{-\frac{v^2}2} e−2v2 |
X ∼ N ( μ , σ 2 ) , φ X ( v ) = e i μ v − σ 2 v 2 2 X\sim N(\mu,\sigma^2),\varphi_X(v)= e^{i\mu v-\frac{\sigma^2v^2}2} X∼N(μ,σ2),φX(v)=eiμv−2σ2v2
性质
- φ X ( 0 ) = 1 , φ X ( − v ) = φ X ( v ) ˉ \varphi_X(0)=1,\varphi_X(-v)=\bar{\varphi_X(v)} φX(0)=1,φX(−v)=φX(v)ˉ
- Y = a X + b , φ Y ( v ) = e i b v φ X ( a v ) Y=aX+b,\varphi_Y(v)=e^{ibv}\varphi_X(av) Y=aX+b,φY(v)=eibvφX(av)
- X X X与 Y Y Y相互独立,则有 φ X + Y ( v ) = φ X ( v ) φ Y ( v ) \varphi_{X+Y}(v)=\varphi_X(v)\varphi_Y(v) φX+Y(v)=φX(v)φY(v)
- φ ( k ) ( 0 ) = i k E ( X k ) \varphi^{(k)}(0)=i^kE(X^k) φ(k)(0)=ikE(Xk)