简介
这是《玩转线性代数》的学习笔记
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲，学校里没学好，工作多年后又从头看，两行泪。。。
2.1 二阶行列式
2.1.1 定义
将符号
∣
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
∣
\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22}\end{vmatrix}
∣∣∣∣a11a21a12a22∣∣∣∣称为二阶行列式，它的值为
a
11
a
22
−
a
12
a
21
a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}
a11a22−a12a21，记为
D
D
D，即
D
=
∣
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
∣
=
a
11
a
22
−
a
12
a
21
D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22}\end{vmatrix}=a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}
D=∣∣∣∣a11a21a12a22∣∣∣∣=a11a22−a12a21
2.1.2 对角线法则
- 主对角线
从左上角到右下角元素连线称为主对角线 - 副对角线
从左下角到右上角元素连线称为副对角线
用主对角线的乘积减去副对角线乘积的方式计算行列式的方法称为对角线法则
2.1.3 二元线性方程组解的行列式表示
解二元线性方程组：
{
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
=
b
1
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
x
2
=
b
2
（
2.1
）
\left\{ \begin{aligned} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2 = b_1\\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2 = b_2 \end{aligned} \right. \quad（2.1）
{a11x1+a12x2=b1a21x1+a22x2=b2（2.1）
解得解为
{
x
1
=
b
1
a
22
−
b
2
a
12
a
11
a
22
−
a
12
a
21
x
2
=
b
2
a
11
−
b
1
a
21
a
11
a
22
−
a
12
a
21
（
a
11
a
22
−
a
12
a
21
≠
0
）
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x_1 = \frac{b_{1}a_{22}-b_{2}a_{12}}{a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}}\\ x_2 = \frac{b_{2}a_{11}-b_{1}a_{21}}{a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}}\\ \end{aligned} \right. \quad（a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}\neq0）
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧x1=a11a22−a12a21b1a22−b2a12x2=a11a22−a12a21b2a11−b1a21（a11a22−a12a21=0）
记
D
1
=
∣
b
1
a
12
b
2
a
22
∣
=
b
1
a
22
−
b
2
a
12
D
2
=
∣
a
11
b
1
a
21
b
2
∣
=
a
11
b
2
−
b
1
a
21
D_1 = \begin{vmatrix} b_{1} & a_{12} \\ b_{2} & a_{22}\end{vmatrix}=b_{1}a_{22}-b_{2}a_{12}\\ D_2 = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & b_{1} \\ a_{21} & b_{2}\end{vmatrix}=a_{11}b_{2}-b_{1}a_{21}
D1=∣∣∣∣b1b2a12a22∣∣∣∣=b1a22−b2a12D2=∣∣∣∣a11a21b1b2∣∣∣∣=a11b2−b1a21
则当
D
=
∣
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
∣
≠
0
D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22}\end{vmatrix}\neq0
D=∣∣∣∣a11a21a12a22∣∣∣∣=0时，方程组的解惟一且可以表示为：
x
1
=
D
1
D
,
x
2
=
D
2
D
x_1=\frac{D_1}{D},x_2=\frac{D_2}{D}
x1=DD1,x2=DD2
2.2 三阶行列式
2.2.1 定义
将符号
∣
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
∣
\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{vmatrix}
∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣称为三阶行列式，它的值为
a
11
a
22
a
33
+
a
12
a
23
a
31
+
a
13
a
21
a
32
−
a
13
a
22
a
31
−
a
11
a
23
a
32
−
a
12
a
21
a
33
a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{23}a_{31}+ a_{13}a_{21}a_{32}-a_{13}a_{22}a_{31} - a_{11}a_{23}a_{32}-a_{12}a_{21}a_{33}
a11a22a33+a12a23a31+a13a21a32−a13a22a31−a11a23a32−a12a21a33
2.2.2 对角线法则
将元素循环移位，可以看到同样满足对角线法则
图来自原地址
2.2.3 三元线性方程组解的行列式表示
解三元线性方程组：
{
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
+
a
13
x
3
=
b
1
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
x
2
+
a
23
x
3
=
b
2
a
31
x
1
+
a
32
x
2
+
a
33
x
3
=
b
3
\left\{ \begin{aligned} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+a_{13}x_3 = b_1\\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+a_{23}x_3 = b_2\\ a_{31}x_1+a_{32}x_2+a_{33}x_3 = b_3\\ \end{aligned} \right. \quad
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧a11x1+a12x2+a13x3=b1a21x1+a22x2+a23x3=b2a31x1+a32x2+a33x3=b3
令
D
=
∣
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
∣
≠
0
,
D
1
=
∣
b
1
a
12
a
13
b
2
a
22
a
23
b
3
a
32
a
33
∣
,
D
2
=
∣
a
11
b
1
a
13
a
21
b
2
a
23
a
31
b
3
a
33
∣
,
D
3
=
∣
a
11
a
12
b
1
a
21
a
22
b
2
a
31
a
32
b
3
∣
(
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
3
的
意
义
与
上
同
)
D=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{vmatrix}\neq0, D_1=\begin{vmatrix} b_{1} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\ b_{2} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ b_{3} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{vmatrix}, \\ D_2=\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & b_{1} & a_{13}\\ a_{21} & b_{2} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & b_{3} & a_{33}\end{vmatrix}, D_3 =\begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & b_{1}\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & b_{2} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & b_{3}\end{vmatrix} \quad (D_1,D_2,D_3的意义与上同)
D=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣=0,D1=∣∣∣∣∣∣b1b2b3a12a22a32a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣,D2=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31b1b2b3a13a23a33∣∣∣∣∣∣,D3=∣∣∣∣∣∣a11a21a31a12a22a32b1b2b3∣∣∣∣∣∣(D1,D2,D3的意义与上同)
若
D
≠
0
D\neq0
D=0，则有唯一解：
x
1
=
D
1
D
,
x
2
=
D
2
D
,
x
3
=
D
3
D
x_1=\frac{D_1}{D},x_2=\frac{D_2}{D},x_3=\frac{D_3}{D}
x1=DD1,x2=DD2,x3=DD3
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