make使用总结(4)-Makefile语法

make使用总结(4)-Makefile语法

函数

为了方便Makefile的编写，make已经为我们定义了多个常用函数。make函数的调用格式与变量引用相似，基本格式如下：$(function arguments) 或 ${function arguments}.arguments为函数的参数，参数以,进行分割。函数处理参数时，若参数中存在其它变量或函数的引用，则先展开参数再进行函数处理，展开顺序与参数的先后顺序一致。函数中的参数不能直接出现逗号和空格，前导空格会被忽略，若需要使用逗号和空格则需要将它们赋值给变量。下面一一介绍。

文本替换函数

函数subst，patsubst以字符串中的单词为单位。

1. subst函数
   1. format:$(subst FROM,TO,TEXT)
   2. 将字符串TEXT中的FROM单词替换为TO。
2. patsubst函数
   1. format:$(patsubst PATTERN,REPLACEMENT,TEXT)
   2. 查找TEXT字符串中的单词(单词以“空格”、“Tab”或“回车”“换行”分隔)是否符合模式PATTERN,如果匹配的话，则以REPLACEMENT替换。这里，PATTERN可以包括通配符%，表示任意长度的字串。如果REPLACEMENT中也包含%,那么REPLACEMENT中的这个%将是PATTERN中的那个%所代表的字串。（可以用“\”来转义，以“%”来表示真实含义的“%”字符）.
3. strip函数
   1. format:$(strip STRING)
   2. 简化字符串中的空格，将多个连续空格合并成一个

使用例程如下:

#test function subst patsubst strip 

.PHONY:raw sub patsub

str_a := a.o b.o c.o f.o.o abcdefg
str_b := $(subst .o,.c,$(str_a))

str_c := $(patsubst %.o,%.c,$(str_a))
str_d := $(patsubst .o,.c,$(str_a))
str_e := $(patsubst a.o,a.c,$(str_a))

str_1 := "      a      b         c        "
str_2 := $(strip $(str_1))

sub:raw
	@echo "str_b=" $(str_b) #replace all match char for per word

patsub:raw
	@echo "str_c=" $(str_c) #replace match pattern
	@echo "str_d=" $(str_d) #replace nothing
	@echo "str_e=" $(str_e) #replace all-match word

strip:
	@echo "str_1=" $(str_1) #looks like auto strip by make4.1
	@echo "str_2=" $(str_2)

raw:
	@echo "str_a=" $(str_a)

字符串处理函数

1. findstring函数
   1. format:$(findstring FIND,IN)
   2. 在字符串IN中查找字符串FIND,若存在返回字符串,否则返回空.
2. filter函数
   1. $(filter PATTERN…,TEXT)
   2. 去除字符串TEXT中指定模式的字符串.
3. filter-out函数
   1. format:$(filter-out PATTERN…,TEXT)
   2. 保留指定模式的字符串，去除其它字符串
4. sort函数
   1. format:$(sort LIST)
   2. 按首字母顺序进行排序
5. word函数
   1. format:$(word N,TEXT)
   2. 获取第N个单词
6. wordlist函数
   1. format:$(wordlist S,E,TEXT)
   2. 获取从S位置到E位置的单词
7. words函数
   1. format:$(words TEXT)
   2. 统计字符串中的单词数量
8. firstword函数
   1. format:$(firstword NAMES…)
   2. 获取第一个单词
9. join函数
   1. format:$(join LIST1,LIST2)
   2. 将LIST1和LIST2中的单词按顺序逐个连接
   3. eg:

   str_a := cxx.o n.o fxx.o
   str_join := ./dira/ ./dirb/ ./dirc/
   str_n := $(join $(str_join),$(str_a))
   # 链接结果
   # str_n= ./dira/cxx.o ./dirb/n.o ./dirc/fxx.o
   

10. call函数
    1. format:$(call VARIABLE,PARAM,PARAM,…)
    2. 此函数用于用户对自定义函数的引用。

使用例程如下:

#test wrods related function

.PHONY:raw find filt filt_out sort word word_list first_word words join call

str_a := cxx.o n.o fxx.o xy.c fab.o zy.py jor.py abc.o 
str_b := $(findstring xx,$(str_a)) #make sure if xx include in str_a
str_c := $(findstring .o x,$(str_a)) #even can include space char
str_d := $(findstring nothing,$(str_a)) #search no-exist words

str_e := $(filter %.py,$(str_a)) #filster
str_f := $(filter-out %.py,$(str_a)) #filter-out

str_g := $(sort $(str_a)) #sort according first char,if same then next char

str_h := $(word 3,$(str_a)) # get the 3rd word
str_i := $(word 99,$(str_a)) # out of range

str_j := $(wordlist 3,5,$(str_a)) #list 3rd to 5rd words
str_k := $(wordlist 3,99,$(str_a)) #list our of range

str_l := $(firstword $(str_a)) #first word

str_m := $(words $(str_a)) #cacu words num

str_join := ./dira/ ./dirb/ ./dirc/ ./dird/ ./dire/ ./dirf/
str_n := $(join $(str_join),$(str_a))

part_rev = $(4) $(3) $(2) $(1)
str_o = $(call part_rev,a,b,c,d,e,f,g) #must use "=" 

raw:
	@echo "str_a=" $(str_a)

find:raw
	@echo "str_b=" $(str_b)
	@echo "str_c=" $(str_c)
	@echo "str_d=" $(str_d)

filt:raw
	@echo "str_e=" $(str_e)

filt_out:raw
	@echo "str_f=" $(str_f)

sort:raw
	@echo "str_g=" $(str_g)

word:raw
	@echo "str_h=" $(str_h)
	@echo "str_i=" $(str_i)

word_list:raw
	@echo "str_j=" $(str_j)
	@echo "str_k=" $(str_k)

first_word:raw
	@echo "str_l=" $(str_l)

words:raw
	@echo "str_m=" $(str_m)

join:raw
	@echo "str_join=" $(str_join)
	@echo "str_n=" $(str_n)

call:
	@echo "str_o=" $(str_o)

文件名处理相关的函数

1. dir函数
   1. format:$(dir NAMES…)
   2. 获取目录
2. notdir函数
   1. format:$(notdir NAMES…)
   2. 获取文件名
3. suffix函数
   1. format:$(suffix NAMES…)
   2. 获取文件名的后缀
4. basename函数
   1. format:$(basename NAMES…)
   2. 获取文件名的前缀
5. addsuffix函数
   1. format:$(addsuffix SUFFIX,NAMES…)
   2. 增加后缀
6. addprefix函数
   1. format:$(addprefix PREFIX,NAMES…)
   2. 增加前缀
7. wildcard函数
   1. format:$(wildcard PATTERN)
   2. 通配符使用。在Makefile规则中，通配符会被自动展开。但在变量定义和函数引用时,通配符将失效。但可以使用wildcard()函数来完成通配符的使用。在Makefile中,它被展开为已经存在的、使用空格分开的、匹配此模式的所有文件列表.如果不存在任何符合此模式的文件，函数会忽略模式字符并返回空。

.PHONY:init clean dir notdir base suffix addprefix addsuffix wildcard

dirs := dir_a
files := file_a.c file_b.s file_c.o #each file under per dir
files_a := $(foreach each,$(files),$(dirs)"/"$(each)) #get all files under a dir by foreach & word func
all_files := $(files_a)
detect_files := $(foreach each,$(dirs),$(wildcard $(each)/*))
detect_files := $(foreach each,$(detect_files),$(PWD)"/"$(each))
show := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(detect_files)) #add '\n' for view

vari_dir := $(dir $(detect_files))
show_dir := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_dir))

vari_files := $(notdir $(detect_files))

vari_base := $(basename $(detect_files))
show_base := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_base))

vari_suffix := $(suffix $(detect_files))

vari_addprefix := $(addprefix "full name:",$(detect_files))
show_addprefix := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_addprefix))

vari_addsuffix := $(addsuffix ".text",$(detect_files))
show_addsuffix := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_addsuffix))

test:
	@echo "detected files:" $(vari_addprefix)

init:
	@mkdir $(dirs);\
	touch $(all_files);\
	tree

dir:
	@echo "detected files:" $(show)
	@echo "get dir:" $(show_dir)

notdir:
	@echo "detected files:" $(show)
	@echo "get files:"
	@echo $(vari_files)

base:
	@echo "detected files:" $(show)
	@echo "file base name:" $(show_base)

suffix:
	@echo "detected files:" $(show)
	@echo "file suffix:" $(vari_suffix)

addprefix:
	@echo "detected files:" $(show)
	@echo "file add prefix:" $(show_addprefix)

addsuffix:
	@echo "detected files:" $(show)
	@echo "file add suffix:" $(show_addsuffix)

clean:
	@rm -rf $(dirs)

控制和变量相关的函数

1. shell函数
   1. format:$(shell CMD…)
   2. 调用shell并传入CMD作为参数。我们在除了规则以外的地方使用shell命令时就要用此函数来调用shell命令。
2. foreach函数
   1. format:$(foreach VAR,LIST,TEXT)
   2. 把LIST字符串中的单词依次赋给VAR,并执行TEXT中的表达式
3. if条件函数
   1. format:$(if CONDITION,THEN-PART[,ELSE-PART])
   2. 如果满足CONDITION条件，执行THEN-PART语句，否则执行ELSE-PART语句
4. error函数
   1. format:$(error TEXT…)
   2. 产生致命错误并以TEXT内容进行提示
5. warning函数
   1. format:$(warning TEXT…)
   2. 产生警告并以TEXT内容进行提示
6. value函数
   1. format:$(value VARIABLE)
   2. 返回VARIABLE未展开前的定义值，即makefile中定义变量时所书写的字符串。
7. origin函数
   1. format:$(value VARIABLE)
   2. 返回变量的初始定义方式，包括：undefined，default，environment，environment override，file，command line，override，automatic
8. eval函数

makefile1

.PHONY:init clean for_loop if_cond err warn shell

dirs := dir_a dir_b dir_c dir_d #each dir
files := file_a file_b file_c #each file under per dir
files_a := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 1,$(dirs))"/"$(each)) #get all files under a dir by foreach & word func
files_b := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 2,$(dirs))"/"$(each))
files_c := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 3,$(dirs))"/"$(each))
files_d := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 4,$(dirs))"/"$(each))
all_files := $(files_a)
all_files += $(files_b)
all_files += $(files_c)
all_files += $(files_d)
detect_files := $(foreach each,$(dirs),$(wildcard $(each)/*))
detect_files := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(detect_files)) #add '\n' for view

vari_a :=
vari_b := b
vari_c := $(if $(vari_a),"vari_a has value:"$(vari_a),"vari_a has no value")
vari_d := $(if $(vari_b),"vari_b has value:"$(vari_b),"vari_b has no value")

err_exit := $(if $(vari_e),$(error "you generate a error!"),"no error defined") #define vari_e to enable error
warn_go := $(if $(vari_f),$(warning "you generate a warning!"),"no warning defined") #define vari_f to enalbe warning

shell_cmd := $(shell date)

init:
	@mkdir $(dirs);\
	touch $(all_files);\
	tree

for_loop:
	@echo "files=" $(detect_files)

if_cond:
	@echo "vari_a=" $(vari_a)
	@echo "vari_b=" $(vari_b)
	@echo "vari_c=" $(vari_c)
	@echo "vari_d=" $(vari_d)

warn:
	@echo $(warn_go)

err:
	@echo $(err_exit)

shell:
	@echo $(shell_cmd)

clean:
	@rm -rf $(dirs)

makefile2

#this is a eval func test

PROGRAMS = server client
server_OBJS = server.o server_pri.o server_access.o
server_LIBS = priv protocol

client_OBJS = client.o client_api.o client_mem.o
client_LIBS = protocol

.PHONY:all

define PROGRAM_template
$(1):
	touch $$($(1)_OBJS) $$($(1)_LIBS)
	@echo $$@ " build finished!"
endef

$(foreach prog,$(PROGRAMS),$(eval $(call PROGRAM_template,$(prog))))

$(PROGRAMS):

clean:
	$(RM) *.o $(server_LIBS) $(client_LIBS)

makefile3

.PHONY:value origin

vari_a = abc
vari_b = $(vari_a)
vari_c = $(vari_a) "+" $(vari_b)
override vari_d = vari_a
vari_e = $($(vari_d))

vari_1 = $(value vari_a)
vari_2 = $(value vari_b)
vari_3 = $(value vari_c)
vari_4 = $(value vari_d)
vari_5 = $(value vari_e)

FOO=$PATH
all:
	@echo $(FOO)
	@echo $(value FOO)

value:
	@echo "vari_1=" '$(vari_1)'
	@echo "vari_2=" '$(vari_2)'
	@echo "vari_3=" '$(vari_3)'
	@echo "vari_4=" '$(vari_4)'
	@echo "vari_5=" '$(vari_5)'

origin:
	@echo "origin vari_a:" $(origin vari_a)
	@echo "origin vari_b:" $(origin vari_b)
	@echo "origin vari_c:" $(origin vari_c)
	@echo "origin vari_d:" $(origin vari_d)
	@echo "origin vari_e:" $(origin vari_e)
	@echo 'origin $$@:' $(origin @)
	@echo "origin vari_f:" $(origin vari_f)
	@echo "origin PATH:" $(origin PATH)
	@echo "origin MAKE:" $(origin MAKE)

自定义函数

除此之外，我们还可以自定义一些函数。使用下面的格式定义函数:

define DELFILE
	$(Q) if exist $1 (del /f /q $1)
endef

其中$1~$9表示函数输入的参数。调用自定义函数需要使用make已经定义好的call函数。如$(call DELFILE, Make.dep).

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