vector emplace_back和push_back的原理和区别

push_back和emplace_back区别：
emplace_back() 和 push_back() 功能上类似，但底层实现机制是不同的。push_back() 向容器尾部添加元素时，首先会创建这个元素(调用构造函数或者拷贝构造函数)，然后再将这个元素拷贝或者移动到容器中（调用复制构造函数或者移动构造函数）；而 emplace_back() 在实现时，则是直接在容器尾部创建这个元素，也就是只会调用一次构造函数。
例子：

#include <vector> 
#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;
class testDemo
{
public:
    testDemo(int num):num(num){
        std::cout << "call constructor function" << endl;
    }
    testDemo(const testDemo& other) :num(other.num) {
        std::cout << "call copy constructor function" << endl;
    }
    testDemo(testDemo&& other) :num(other.num) {
        std::cout << "call move constructor function" << endl;
    }
private:
    int num;
};
 
int main()
{
    cout << "emplace_back:" << endl;
    std::vector<testDemo> demo1;
    demo1.emplace_back(2);
    cout << "push_back:" << endl;
    std::vector<testDemo> demo2;
    demo2.push_back(2);
}

结果如下：
emplace_back:
call constructor function
push_back:
call constructor function
call move constructor function

#include <vector> 
#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;
class testDemo
{
public:
    testDemo(int num):num(num){
        std::cout << "call constructor function" << endl;
    }
    testDemo(const testDemo& other) :num(other.num) ，num1(1111){
        std::cout << "call copy constructor function" << endl;
    }
    testDemo(testDemo&& other) :num(other.num) {
        std::cout << "call move constructor function" << endl;
    }
    ~testDemo(){std::cout << "~~~~~~~~~" << std::endl;}
    int num1;
private:
    int num;
};
 
int main()
{
	testDemo demo1(10);
	std::vector<testDemo> vec;
	demo1.num1 = 100;
	vec.emplace_back(demo1);
	std::cout << vec[0].num1 << std::endl;
}

结果：
num1的值并未传入，仍然为0
./a.out
call constructor function
call copy constructor function
0