Jetpack--LifeCycle、ViewModel、LiveData

Jetpack是google官方的安卓开发工具集，目的是为了标准化和加快开发效率，并且之后会持续更新

安卓开发中，google推荐使用MVVM架构，Jetpack集成了构建MVVM架构的几种工具，相比于以前的MVVM，组合使用这些工具会更加高效、简洁、安全。可以说你的安卓项目没有升级使用这套架构，那么你的架构就已经过时了

JetPack与AndroidX

• AndroidX命名空间中包含Jetpack库
• AndroidX代替Android Support Library
• AAC(Android Architect Component)中的组件并入AndroidX
• 其他一些需要频繁更新和迭代的特性也并入AndroidX

一、LifeCycle

LifeCycle会自动绑定组件的生命周期，省去了我们以前在onResume，onPause等方法中的操作

1.LifeCycle解耦页面与组件

我们有一个Activity，布局文件如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <Chronometer
        android:id="@+id/chronometer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="(0):(0)"
        android:textSize="24sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

这是一个简单的计时器，我们想要在Activity处于前台时计时，退到后台暂停计时，那么Activity中写法如下：

package com.aruba.jetpackapplication;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.SystemClock;
import android.widget.Chronometer;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private Chronometer chronometer;
    private long countTime;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        chronometer = findViewById(R.id.chronometer);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        //恢复计时，基于休息的时间作一个偏移
        chronometer.setBase(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - countTime);
        chronometer.start();
    }


    @Override
    protected void onPause() {
        super.onPause();
        //记录下计时时间
        countTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - chronometer.getBase();
        chronometer.stop();
    }
}

效果：

接下来是使用LifeCycle方式：

1.实现LifecycleObserver接口
2.在方法上添加注解，指定在什么时候执行

package com.aruba.lifecycle;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.SystemClock;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.widget.Chronometer;

import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle;
import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleObserver;
import androidx.lifecycle.OnLifecycleEvent;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/9.
 */
class MyChronometer extends Chronometer implements LifecycleObserver {//实现LifecycleObserver接口

    private long countTime;

    public MyChronometer(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
        super(context, attrs);
    }

    //对应生命周期的注解
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
    private void startCount() {
        //恢复计时，基于休息的时间作一个偏移
        setBase(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - countTime);
        start();
    }

    //对应生命周期的注解
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE)
    private void stopCount() {
        //记录下计时时间
        countTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - getBase();
        stop();
    }

}

把布局文件改为MyChronometer 后，在Activity中添加一行监听代码

public class MainActivity2 extends AppCompatActivity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main2);
        MyChronometer chronometer = findViewById(R.id.chronometer);
        getLifecycle().addObserver(chronometer);
    }
}

效果：

2.使用LifecycleService解耦Service与组件

首先需要添加下依赖

implementation 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:2.2.0'

定义一个类，实现LifecycleObserve接口，并实现gps数据获取

package com.aruba.lifecycle;

import android.Manifest;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.location.Location;
import android.location.LocationListener;
import android.location.LocationManager;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;

import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.core.app.ActivityCompat;
import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle;
import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleObserver;
import androidx.lifecycle.OnLifecycleEvent;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/9.
 */
public class MyLocationObserver implements LifecycleObserver {

    private Context context;
    private LocationManager locationManager;
    private MyLocation listener;

    public MyLocationObserver(Context context) {
        this.context = context;
    }

    /**
     * 开启gps
     */
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE)
    private void startGetLocation() {
        locationManager = (LocationManager) context.getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
        if (ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED && ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            return;
        }
        listener = new MyLocation();
        locationManager.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER, 300, 1, listener);
    }

    /**
     * 关闭gps
     */
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
    private void stopGetLocation() {
        locationManager.removeUpdates(listener);
    }

    static class MyLocation implements LocationListener {

        private static final String TAG = MyLocation.class.getSimpleName();

        @Override
        public void onLocationChanged(@NonNull Location location) {
            Log.i(TAG, location.toString());
        }

        @Override
        public void onStatusChanged(String provider, int status, Bundle extras) {
            
        }

        @Override
        public void onProviderEnabled(@NonNull String provider) {

        }

        @Override
        public void onProviderDisabled(@NonNull String provider) {

        }
    }
}

权限在manifests.xml里也要添加
使用一个service来获取gps数据，继承于LifecycleService，并在相关方法上写上注解

package com.aruba.lifecycle;

import android.app.Service;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.IBinder;

import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleService;

public class GpsService extends LifecycleService {
    public GpsService() {
        MyLocationObserver myLocationObserver = new MyLocationObserver(this);
        getLifecycle().addObserver(myLocationObserver);
    }
}

模拟器可以使用adb命令修改下gps位置

adb -s  Pixel2:5554 emu geo fix 121.4961236714487 31.24010934431376
adb -s  Pixel2:5554 emu geo fix 122.4961236714487 31.24010934431376

Activity中开启测试下效果：

2021-09-09 17:05:03.316 3046-3046/com.aruba.lifecycle I/MyLocation: Location[gps 37.421998,-122.084000 acc=20 et=+1m13s108ms alt=0.0 {Bundle[EMPTY_PARCEL]}]

3.ProcessLifecycleOwner监听应用程序生命周期

新建一个类实现LifecycleObserve，在方法上加上注解，指定想要监听的生命周期

package com.aruba.lifecycle;

import android.util.Log;

import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle;
import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleObserver;
import androidx.lifecycle.OnLifecycleEvent;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/9.
 */
class AppLifeObserve implements LifecycleObserver {

    private static final String TAG = AppLifeObserve.class.getSimpleName();

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE)
    private void onCreate() {
        Log.i(TAG, "onCreate");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
    private void onStart() {
        Log.i(TAG, "onCreate");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
    private void onResume() {
        Log.i(TAG, "onResume");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE)
    private void onPause() {
        Log.i(TAG, "onPause");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    private void onStop() {
        Log.i(TAG, "onStop");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
    private void onDestroy() {
        Log.i(TAG, "onDestroy");
    }

}

在Application中，使用ProcessLifecycleOwner注册观察

package com.aruba.lifecycle;

import android.app.Application;

import androidx.lifecycle.ProcessLifecycleOwner;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/9.
 */
class MyApp extends Application {
    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
        ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().getLifecycle().addObserver(new AppLifeObserve());
    }
}

其中onCreate只会调用一次，onDestroy不会调用

Lifecycle可以使我们不必在原来组件的生命周期中进行管理，降低了模块的耦合度，一定程度上避免了没有及时销毁资源的情况，降低了内存泄漏的发生

二、ViewModel

Jetpack中，官方提供了ViewModel组件，我们应该继承它实现我们的ViewModel层业务

1.瞬态数据保存

例如以前我们手机屏幕旋转时，如果没有配置，那么Activity会重新创建，数据就会丢失
使用ViewModel，我们可以什么都不做就解决这个问题
现在来创建一个Activity，点击按钮让一个数字不断加一，布局文件如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="0"
        android:textSize="30sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.287" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginTop="100dp"
        android:text="add"
        android:onClick="addCount"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.498"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/textView"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.133" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

创建一个类继承ViewModel

package com.aruba.viewmodel;

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/10.
 */
class NumberViewModel extends ViewModel {
    public int number;
}

在Activity中使用ViewModelProvider通过反射获取ViewModel，并实现点击方法

package com.aruba.viewmodel;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView textView;
    private NumberViewModel numberViewModel;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        numberViewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this, ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.getInstance(getApplication())).get(NumberViewModel.class);

        textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);
        textView.setText(String.valueOf(numberViewModel.number));
    }

    public void addCount(View view) {
        numberViewModel.number++;
        textView.setText(String.valueOf(numberViewModel.number));
    }
}

效果：

如果要在ViewModel中使用Context，不要手动传入，而是继承至AndroidViewModel

package com.aruba.viewmodel;

import android.app.Application;

import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.lifecycle.AndroidViewModel;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/10.
 */
public class NumberViewModel extends AndroidViewModel {
    public int number;

    public NumberViewModel(@NonNull Application application) {
        super(application);
    }
}

2.除了瞬态数据自动保存外，ViewModel还具有异步调用不会造成内存泄漏的优点，需要结合LiveData使用，ViewModel的生命周期是独立于Activity的

三、LiveData

LiveData对象提供了可观测方法，当数据发送改变时，观测方能够观测到，并且线程安全，集成了LifeCycle的绑定生命周期特性

1.来实现一个定时器，线程中更新定时时间，使用LiveData使得ui上进行更新

布局文件很简单，一个TextView

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/countTextView"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="0"
        android:textSize="30sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

定义ViewModel，并使用LiveData

package com.aruba.livedata;

import androidx.lifecycle.MutableLiveData;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/10.
 */
public class CountViewModel extends ViewModel {
    private MutableLiveData<Integer> count;

    public MutableLiveData<Integer> getCount() {
        if (count == null) {
            count = new MutableLiveData<>();
            count.setValue(0);
        }
        return count;
    }
}

在Activity中使用ViewModel，并观测LiveData的值，ui线程中使用setValue方法设置LiveData的值，非ui线程使用postValue方法

package com.aruba.livedata;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.lifecycle.Observer;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;

import java.sql.Time;
import java.util.Timer;
import java.util.TimerTask;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private TextView countTextView;
    private CountViewModel countViewModel;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        countViewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this, ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.getInstance(getApplication())).get(CountViewModel.class);

        countTextView = findViewById(R.id.countTextView);
        countViewModel.getCount().observe(this, new Observer<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public void onChanged(Integer integer) {
                countTextView.setText(String.valueOf(integer));
            }
        });
        
        startTimer();
    }

    private void startTimer() {
        new Timer().schedule(new TimerTask() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                //setValue:ui线程中使用
                //postValue:非ui线程中使用
                countViewModel.getCount().postValue(countViewModel.getCount().getValue() + 1);
            }
        }, 0, 1000);
    }

}

效果：

四、ViewModel+LiveData，实现Fragment间通信

先看效果：

定义两个fragment，布局是一样的

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".FirstFragment">

    <SeekBar
        android:id="@+id/seekbar"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="100dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
    
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

创建ViewModel，定义要联动的进度值

package com.aruba.livedata2;

import androidx.lifecycle.MutableLiveData;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel;

/**
 * Created by aruba on 2021/9/10.
 */
public class MyViewModel extends ViewModel {
    private MutableLiveData<Integer> progress;

    public MutableLiveData<Integer> getProgress() {
        if (progress == null) {
            progress = new MutableLiveData<>();
            progress.setValue(0);
        }

        return progress;
    }
}

实现两个fragment中对ViewModel进度值的观察，注意这边获取ViewModel时Owner要用Activity的上下文，因为实现联动需要使用同一个ViewModel，不同Owner会生成不同的实例

package com.aruba.livedata2;

import android.os.Bundle;

import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;
import androidx.lifecycle.Observer;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.SeekBar;

public class FirstFragment extends Fragment {

    private SeekBar seekbar;
    private MyViewModel myViewModel;

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
                             Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View root = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_first, container, false);
        seekbar = root.findViewById(R.id.seekbar);

        myViewModel = new ViewModelProvider(getActivity(), new ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory(getActivity().getApplication())).get(MyViewModel.class);

        myViewModel.getProgress().observe(this, new Observer<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public void onChanged(Integer integer) {
                seekbar.setProgress(integer);
            }
        });

        seekbar.setOnSeekBarChangeListener(new SeekBar.OnSeekBarChangeListener() {
            @Override
            public void onProgressChanged(SeekBar seekBar, int i, boolean b) {
                myViewModel.getProgress().setValue(i);
            }

            @Override
            public void onStartTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {

            }

            @Override
            public void onStopTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {

            }
        });
        return root;
    }
}

第二个fragment代码是一样的。然后在Activity中加载两个fragment

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.Guideline
        android:id="@+id/guideline2"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:orientation="horizontal"
        app:layout_constraintGuide_percent="0.5" />

    <fragment
        android:id="@+id/fragmentContainerView"
        android:name="com.aruba.livedata2.FirstFragment"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="0dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/guideline2"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

    <fragment
        android:id="@+id/fragmentContainerView2"
        android:name="com.aruba.livedata2.SecondFragment"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="0dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/guideline2" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

Demo地址：https://gitee.com/aruba/my-jetpack-application.git