Python --异常处理

目录

1， 异常处理

1-1， 单个except的try语句

1-2， 多个except的try语句

1-3， 多个异常写在一行

1-4， 捕获所有异常

1-5， else字句

1-6， finally字句

1-6， try-finally字句

2， 抛出异常

3， 断言

4， 异常和sys模块

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1， 异常处理

1-1， 单个except的try语句

try:
    代码1 
except Exception as reason: 
    代码2 

Exception为异常处理器，用于捕获对应的异常，它是一个类

reason为异常处理参数，用于保存错误的原因, 该参数是可选，建议给出， 它是类的实例

说明：

若try中的代码块没有异常，则except语句不执行

若try中的代码块有异常，忽略异常开始行以后的代码，跳转到except语句执行

若实际异常与except的异常处理器匹配，执行except语句，进行异常处理

若实际异常与except的异常处理器不匹配，异常会一直向上抛，直到找到对应的异常处理器，最终都没有找到的话，则会显示出跟踪记录后程序退出

# 异常处理器捕获到对应的异常
In [65]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except ValueError as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
e: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

# 异常处理器没有捕获到对应的异常，最后给出跟踪记录
# 实际的异常的ValueError， 异常处理器使用的是TypeError，所以没有捕捉到异常                             
In [66]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except TypeError as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[66], line 2
      1 try:
----> 2     float('aaa')
      3 except TypeError as e:
      4     print('e:', e)

ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

1-2， 多个except的try语句

当发生异常时，解释器在所有的except语句中匹配异常处理器，若找到对应的异常处理器，则跳进相应的except语句中进行异常处理

try:
    代码1 
except Exception1 as reason1:
    代码2 
except Exception2 as reason2:
...
except Exceptionn as reasonn:

    代码n

# 这里匹配到异常处理器ValueError， 则执行其下的代码
In [69]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except TypeError as e:
    ...:     print('e1:', e)
    ...: except ValueError as e:
    ...:     print('e2:', e)
    ...: except NameError as e:
    ...:     print('e3:',e)
e2: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

# 没有匹配到响应的异常处理器，显示出跟踪记录
In [70]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except TypeError as e:
    ...:     print('e1:', e)
    ...: except IOError as e:
    ...:     print('e2:', e)
    ...: except NameError as e:
    ...:     print('e3:',e)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[70], line 2
      1 try:
----> 2     float('aaa')
      3 except TypeError as e:
      4     print('e:', e)

ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

1-3， 多个异常写在一行

多个异常处理器可以写在一个except语句中

try:
    代码1 
except (Exception1, Exception2,...,  Exceptionn) as reason1:
    代码2 

# 匹配到对应的异常处理器
In [71]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except (ValueError, NameError, TypeError) as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...:
e: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

# 没有匹配到对应的异常处理器，显示跟踪记录，退出程序
In [72]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except (IOError, NameError, TypeError) as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[72], line 2
      1 try:
----> 2     float('aaa')
      3 except (IOError, NameError, TypeError) as e:
      4     print('e:', e)

ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

1-4， 捕获所有异常

Exception是所有异常类的父类，可用于捕获所有异常(除KeyboardInterrupt、SystemError以外)， BaseException是所有异常类的父类

# 通过Exception捕获异常
In [73]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except Exception as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...:
e: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

# 通过BaseException捕获异常
In [74]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except BaseException as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...:
e: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

1-5， else字句

else字句在try中的代码没有异常时才会执行， else语句需要放在except 字句后面

try:
    代码1 
except Exception as reason1:
    代码2 
else:
    代码3

# try中的代码没有异常， 执行else字句
In [77]: try:
    ...:     float('111')
    ...: except Exception as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...: else:
    ...:     print('try中的代码没有异常')
    ...:
try中的代码没有异常

# try中的代码有异常， 不执行else字句
In [78]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except Exception as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...: else:
    ...:     print('try中的代码没有异常')
    ...:
e: could not convert string to float: 'aaa'

1-6， finally字句

finally字句是无论异常是否发生，都会执行， finally字句放在最后

try:
    代码1 
except Exception as reason1:
    代码2 
else:
    代码3
finally:
    代码4

# try中无异常时，finally字句执行
In [79]: try:
    ...:     float('111')
    ...: except Exception as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...: else:
    ...:     print('try中没有异常')
    ...: finally:
    ...:     print('finally无论是否有异常都会执行')
try中没有异常
finally无论是否有异常都会执行

# try中有异常时，finally字句执行
In [81]: try:
    ...:     float('111a')
    ...: except Exception as e:
    ...:     print('e:', e)
    ...: else:
    ...:     print('try中没有异常')
    ...: finally:
    ...:     print('finally无论是否有异常都会执行')
    ...:
e: could not convert string to float: '111a'
finally无论是否有异常都会执行

1-6， try-finally字句

try-finally字句不是用来捕获异常的，它常用来维持一致的行为， 如文件打开后需要关闭

当try中有异常时，执行完finally语句后向上抛出异常

当finally中有异常时，finally的异常会覆盖try的异常，向上抛出

try:
    代码1 
finally:
    代码2

In [84]: try:
    ...:     f = open(path)
    ...:     txtn = f.readlines()
    ...: finally:
    ...:     f.close()

2， 抛出异常

通过raise SomeException('message')，可抛出异常

In [1]: x = 1
In [3]: if x != 2:
   ...:     raise Exception('error')
   ...:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exception                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[3], line 2
      1 if x != 2:
----> 2     raise Exception('error')

Exception: error

3， 断言

通过assert expression， messages， 来进行断言， expression为真， 则不报错，expression为假， 则输出messages信息

# 表达式为真时，不输出后面的报错信息
In [7]: assert 1 == 1 , 'is not ok'

# 表达式为假时，输出后面的报错信息， 退出程序
In [8]: assert 1 == 2 , 'is not ok'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AssertionError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[8], line 1
----> 1 assert 1 == 2 , 'is not ok'

AssertionError: is not ok

# 通过try语句捕获断言异常
In [9]: try:
   ...:     assert 1 == 0, 'error'
   ...: except Exception as e:
   ...:     print('e:', e)
   ...:
e: error

4， 异常和sys模块

可以通过sys模块中的exc_info()获取异常信息

# sys.exc_info()获取异常信息，返回一个三元数元组
In [16]: try:
    ...:     float('aaa')
    ...: except:
    ...:     exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()

In [17]: print('exc_tuple:', exc_tuple)
exc_tuple: (<class 'ValueError'>, ValueError("could not convert string to float: 'aaa'"), <traceback object at 0x0000024948149D00>)

In [18]:

In [18]: for e in exc_tuple:
    ...:     print(e)
    ...:
<class 'ValueError'>
could not convert string to float: 'aaa'
<traceback object at 0x0000024948149D00>