模拟随机算步-python(2.7)

#模拟随机算步来说明数组运算#

1>纯python实现

Python 2.7.10 (default, Aug 22 2015, 20:33:39) 
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.0.0 (clang-700.0.59.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import random
>>> position=0
>>> walk=[position]
>>> steps=1000
>>> for i in xrange(steps):
...     step=1 if random.randint(0,1) else -1
...     position+=step
...     walk.append(position)
... 

看看walk是什么,看不懂?
>>> walk
[0, -1, -2, -1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -2, -3, -4, -3, -2, -3, -4, -5, -4, -5, -6, -5, -6, -7, -8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -3, -4, -5, -4, -5, -4, -3, -4, -5, -6, -5, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -9, -8, -7, -6, -7, -8, -7, -8, -7, -8, -9, -8, -7, -6, -7, -6, -5, -6, -5, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -2, -1, -2, -1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -2, -3, -4, -5, -4, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -6, -7, -6, -7, -6, -5, -4, -5, -4, -5, -6, -5, -6, -5, -6, -5, -4, -5, -4, -3, -2, -3, -2, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, -1, -2, -1, -2, -1, -2, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -8, -7, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -13, -12, -13, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -16, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -18, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23, -22, -23, -22, -21, -22, -23, -22, -21, -20, -21, -20, -19, -18, -19, -20, -19, -20, -21, -20, -19, -20, -21, -22, -21, -20, -21, -22, -23, -22, -23, -22, -21, -22, -21, -22, -23, -22, -23, -22, -23, -24, -25, -24, -25, -26, -27, -26, -25, -26, -27, -26, -25, -26, -27, -26, -27, -26, -27, -28, -29, -28, -29, -28, -27, -26, -27, -26, -27, -26, -27, -26, -27, -26, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -27, -28, -27, -26, -27, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -25, -26, -25, -26, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -23, -24, -23, -22, -23, -22, -23, -24, -23, -22, -21, -20, -19, -18, -19, -18, -17, -16, -17, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, -11, -12, -11, -12, -13, -14, -13, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, -13, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -15, -16, -17, -18, -17, -18, -17, -16, -17, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, -11, -10, -11, -12, -11, -10, -9, -8, -7, -8, -9, -8, -9, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -12, -11, -12, -13, -14, -13, -14, -15, -14, -13, -12, -13, -12, -13, -14, -15, -14, -13, -14, -15, -14, -13, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -15, -14, -15, -16, -17, -16, -15, -16, -15, -14, -15, -14, -15, -14, -15, -14, -13, -14, -15, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -18, -19, -18, -17, -16, -17, -16, -17, -18, -17, -18, -17, -18, -17, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, -19, -18, -19, -18, -19, -20, -21, -20, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23, -22, -23, -24, -23, -24, -25, -26, -25, -26, -27, -28, -27, -26, -27, -26, -27, -26, -25, -26, -25, -24, -23, -24, -23, -22, -23, -22, -21, -22, -21, -22, -23, -22, -23, -22, -21, -22, -23, -24, -23, -24, -25, -24, -23, -24, -25, -26, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -28, -27, -26, -27, -28, -27, -26, -25, -26, -25, -24, -23, -24, -25, -26, -25, -26, -27, -26, -27, -28, -29, -28, -29, -28, -27, -28, -27, -28, -29, -28, -29, -30, -31, -32, -31, -30, -29, -30, -29, -30, -31, -32, -33, -32, -31, -32, -33, -34, -33, -32, -31, -32, -31, -30, -29, -30, -31, -32, -33, -32, -31, -32, -31, -30, -29, -28, -29, -30, -29, -28, -27, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -23, -22, -23, -22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -25, -24, -25, -24, -23, -22, -23, -24, -25, -24, -23, -24, -25, -24, -23, -22, -21, -20, -19, -20, -21, -20, -19, -18, -17, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -18, -17, -18, -17, -16, -15, -16, -15, -16, -17, -16, -17, -16, -15, -16, -15, -16, -15, -14, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -16, -15, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -18, -19, -18, -19, -18, -17, -18, -19, -20, -21, -20, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -15, -14, -15, -14, -13, -14, -15, -14, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -16, -15, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, -19, -20, -19, -20, -21, -22, -21, -22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -26, -25, -26, -27, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -25, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -27, -26, -25, -26, -25, -24, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -28, -29, -30, -29, -30, -31, -32, -33, -32, -31, -32, -31, -32, -31, -30, -29, -30, -31, -30, -29, -28, -29, -30, -31, -32, -33, -32, -33, -32, -31, -32, -33, -32, -33, -34, -33, -32, -33, -32, -31, -30, -29, -28, -29, -28, -29, -30, -31, -30, -31, -32, -33, -34, -33, -34, -33, -32, -33, -34, -35, -34, -33, -34, -33, -34, -33, -34, -35, -34, -35, -34, -35, -36, -37, -36, -35, -36, -35, -36, -35, -34, -33, -34, -33, -32, -31, -32, -31, -32, -31, -32, -31, -30, -29, -30, -29, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -27, -26, -25, -26, -27, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30, -29, -28, -27, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -25, -24, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -21, -22, -21, -22, -23, -22, -21, -22, -23, -22, -23, -24, -25, -24, -25, -24, -25, -26, -27, -26, -25, -26, -25, -24, -23, -24, -23, -22, -23, -22, -21, -22, -21, -22, -21, -22, -21, -20, -21, -22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -26, -25, -26, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -28, -29, -30, -29, -28, -27, -26, -25, -26, -25, -24, -25, -24, -25, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -23, -24, -23, -22, -21, -20, -21, -20, -21, -22, -21, -20, -19, -18, -19, -20, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -16, -15, -14, -15, -16, -17, -16, -15, -16]



不难看出这就是计算出数组的累积和,在python里叫列表
2>利用numpy库实现
>>> nsteps=1000
>>> draws=np.random.randint(0,2,size=nsteps)
>>> steps=np.where(draws>0,1,-1)
>>> walk=steps.cumsum()
>>> walk.min()
-19
>>> walk.max()
23
 
>>> walk
array([ -1,   0,   1,   0,  -1,   0,   1,   2,   1,   2,   3,   2,   3,
         4,   3,   4,   5,   4,   5,   4,   5,   6,   7,   6,   5,   4,
         5,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12,  11,  10,  11,
        12,  13,  14,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18,  17,  18,  19,  20,
        21,  20,  19,  18,  19,  20,  19,  18,  17,  16,  15,  16,  17,
        16,  15,  16,  15,  16,  17,  16,  17,  16,  15,  14,  15,  16,
        15,  16,  15,  16,  15,  16,  17,  18,  17,  18,  17,  16,  17,
        18,  17,  18,  17,  16,  17,  16,  15,  16,  15,  14,  15,  16,
        15,  16,  15,  14,  13,  14,  13,  14,  15,  16,  15,  14,  13,
        14,  13,  14,  15,  14,  13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  12,
        11,  12,  11,  10,  11,  10,   9,  10,  11,  10,   9,  10,   9,
        10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  16,  15,  14,  13,  12,
        13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  15,  14,  15,
        14,  15,  16,  17,  16,  17,  18,  19,  18,  17,  16,  17,  18,
        19,  20,  19,  20,  19,  20,  19,  20,  19,  20,  21,  20,  19,
        20,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  22,  23,  22,  21,  22,  21,  20,
        19,  20,  19,  18,  19,  18,  17,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  19,
        18,  17,  16,  15,  16,  17,  16,  15,  14,  13,  12,  11,  12,
        13,  12,  13,  14,  13,  14,  13,  12,  13,  12,  11,  12,  11,
        12,  13,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  15,  16,  15,  16,  17,  16,
        17,  18,  19,  20,  19,  20,  21,  20,  19,  18,  17,  16,  15,
        14,  13,  12,  13,  14,  13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  12,
        11,  12,  13,  12,  11,  12,  13,  12,  13,  14,  13,  14,  13,
        14,  13,  12,  13,  12,  11,  12,  13,  12,  13,  14,  13,  14,
        13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  12,  13,  14,  13,  12,  13,  14,  15,
        16,  17,  16,  17,  16,  15,  16,  15,  16,  17,  18,  17,  18,
        19,  18,  17,  16,  17,  16,  15,  14,  15,  14,  15,  14,  15,
        16,  17,  18,  17,  18,  19,  20,  19,  18,  19,  20,  21,  20,
        19,  18,  19,  18,  17,  16,  17,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  19,
        20,  19,  20,  21,  20,  19,  18,  17,  16,  17,  18,  17,  18,
        19,  20,  19,  18,  17,  18,  17,  18,  19,  18,  19,  20,  21,
        22,  21,  20,  21,  20,  19,  20,  19,  18,  17,  18,  17,  16,
        17,  16,  15,  14,  15,  16,  15,  16,  15,  16,  15,  14,  15,
        14,  13,  12,  11,  12,  13,  14,  13,  12,  11,  10,   9,   8,
         7,   6,   5,   6,   5,   4,   3,   2,   3,   2,   3,   2,   1,
         0,  -1,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -4,
        -3,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -1,
        -2,  -1,   0,  -1,   0,  -1,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -1,  -2,
        -3,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -1,   0,   1,
         0,   1,   2,   1,   0,  -1,   0,   1,   0,  -1,  -2,  -1,   0,
         1,   2,   1,   0,  -1,   0,  -1,   0,  -1,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -3,
        -4,  -5,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -1,   0,   1,   2,
         1,   0,  -1,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,
        -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -5,  -6,
        -5,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,
        -2,  -3,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -5,  -4,
        -3,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,
        -2,  -1,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -5,  -6,
        -5,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -5,  -6,  -7,  -8,  -9,  -8,  -7,  -8,  -7,
        -6,  -5,  -6,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -2,  -3,  -4,
        -5,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -3,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -5,
        -6,  -7,  -6,  -5,  -6,  -5,  -6,  -7,  -6,  -5,  -6,  -5,  -6,
        -7,  -6,  -7,  -6,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -6,  -7,  -8,  -9,
        -8,  -7,  -8,  -9,  -8,  -9, -10,  -9, -10,  -9, -10,  -9,  -8,
        -7,  -6,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -4,  -5,  -6,  -7,  -6,  -7,  -8,  -9,
       -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -15, -16, -17, -16, -15, -14,
       -13, -14, -15, -14, -13, -12, -11, -10,  -9, -10, -11, -10,  -9,
       -10, -11, -12, -11, -12, -11, -10,  -9, -10,  -9, -10,  -9, -10,
        -9,  -8,  -7,  -6,  -7,  -8,  -7,  -6,  -7,  -8,  -7,  -6,  -7,
        -8,  -9, -10, -11, -10, -11, -12, -13, -12, -11, -12, -13, -14,
       -13, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -17, -16, -15, -16, -17,
       -16, -17, -16, -17, -18, -19, -18, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -16,
       -17, -16, -17, -16, -17, -16, -15, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, -11,
       -10, -11, -12, -11, -12, -11, -10,  -9, -10, -11, -10, -11, -10,
       -11, -10, -11, -10,  -9, -10,  -9,  -8,  -9, -10, -11, -12, -11,
       -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -13, -12, -13, -12, -11, -12, -13, -12,
       -13, -14, -15, -14, -15, -14, -13, -12, -13, -14, -13, -12, -13,
       -12, -13, -14, -13, -12, -13, -12, -13, -14, -15, -14, -13, -12,
       -11, -12, -11, -12, -13, -12, -13, -14, -13, -12, -11, -10,  -9,
        -8,  -9,  -8,  -7,  -6,  -7,  -8,  -9, -10,  -9,  -8,  -9, -10,
       -11, -10,  -9, -10, -11, -10, -11, -12, -13, -12, -11, -10, -11,
       -10,  -9, -10, -11, -12, -11, -10,  -9,  -8,  -7,  -8,  -7,  -8,
        -7,  -6,  -5,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -4,  -3,  -2,  -1,  -2,  -1,
        -2,  -3,  -2,  -1,   0,  -1,  -2,  -1,   0,   1,   0,  -1,   0,
         1,   0,   1,   0,  -1,  -2,  -1,   0,   1,   0,  -1,   0,   1,
         0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   6,   5,   4,   5,   6,
         5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  10,   9,   8,   7,   8])
j


假设我们想知道本次随机漫步多少次可以距离初始点15步远:
>>> (np.abs(walk) >= 15).argmax()
44
>>> 

但是这不高效,因为无论如何他都会对多维数组ndarray完全扫描
3>一次模拟多次随机算步

希望一次模拟5000次随机算步,只要对上述代码作小小的改动。只须传入一个二元元组。

>>> nwalks=5000
>>> nsteps=1000
>>> draws=np.random.randint(0,2,size=(nwalks,nsteps))
>>> steps=np.where(draws>0,1,-1)
>>> walks=steps.cumsum(1)
计算随机漫步的最大值最小值
>>> walks.min()
-129
>>> walks.max()
124
用any()方法检验
>>> hits15=(np.abs(walks)>=15).any(1)
>>> hits15
array([ True,  True,  True, ...,  True,  True,  True], dtype=bool)
>>> hits15.sum()
4972
>>> times=(np.abs(walks)>=15).argmax(1)
调用argmax在轴1上获取穿越时间
>>> times.mean()
221.87039999999999



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