C++基础实例(1)

简单面积计算函数

注：源码头部的#if 0与尾部的#endif为注释全部

/*计算圆的面积与周长*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14159
double area(double x);//面积
double zc(double x);//周长

int main()
{
	double ar=0.0;
	double cz=0.0;
	double r;
	cout<<"please input the r:";
	cin>>r;

	ar=area(r);
	cz=zc(r);

	cout<<"area is:"<<ar<<endl;
	cout<<"zc is:"<<cz<<endl;

	return 0;
}

//定义面积函数
double area(double x)
{
	double are=0.0;
	if(x<=0)
	{
		cout<<"error,please input again..."<<endl;
	}
	else
	{
		are=PI*x*x;
	}
	return are;
}

//周长函数
double zc(double x)
{
	double len=0.0;
	if(x<=0)
	{
		cout<<"error,please input again..."<<endl;
	}
	else
	{
		len=2*PI*x;
	}
	return len;
}

基本计算

/*基本计算*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	int i,j;
	cout<<"input:";
	cin>>i>>j;
	cout<<i+j<<endl;
	cout<<i-j<<endl;
	cout<<i*j<<endl;
	cout<<i/j<<endl;
	/*测试溢出*/
	short n=32767,m;//short最大值
	cout<<"n="<<n<<endl;
	m=n+1;
	cout<<"m="<<m<<endl;
	return 0;
}

进制相关

/*进制相关*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
		int a=010,b=10,c=0x10;

		//十进制
		cout<<"DEC:"<<endl;
		cout<<"a="<<a<<endl;
		cout<<"b="<<b<<endl;
		cout<<"c="<<c<<endl;
		cout<<endl;

		//八进制
		cout<<"OCT:"<<endl;
		cout<<oct;
		cout<<"a="<<a<<endl;
		cout<<"b="<<b<<endl;
		cout<<"c="<<c<<endl;
		cout<<endl;

		//十六进制
		cout<<"HEX:"<<endl;
		cout<<hex;
		cout<<"a="<<a<<endl;
		cout<<"b="<<b<<endl;
		cout<<"c="<<c<<endl;

		//混合运算输出
		cout<<"a+b+c=";
		cout<<dec;
		cout<<a+b+c<<endl;

		return 0;
}

数据类型

/*double/float`*/
#include <iostream>  //包含iostream.h头文件
#include<iomanip.h>   // iomanip.h头文件包含setprecision()的定义
main()
{
    //float型变量的声明、输入、计算和输出
    float fx,fy;   
    cout<<"fx=";
    cin>>fx;
    cout<<"fy=";
    cin>>fy;
    cout<<fx<<"+"<<fy<<"="<<fx+fy<<endl;
    cout<<fx<<"-"<<fy<<"="<<fx-fy<<endl;
    cout<<fx<<"*"<<fy<<"="<<fx*fy<<endl;	
    cout<<fx<<"/"<<fy<<"="<<fx/fy<<endl<<endl;
    //cout<<fx<<"%"<<fy<<"="<<fx%fy<<endl;  Error!

    //double型变量的声明、输入、计算和输出
    float dx,dy;  
    cout<<"dx=";
    cin>>dx;
    cout<<"dy=";
    cin>>dy;
    cout<<dx<<"+"<<dy<<"="<<dx+dy<<endl;
    cout<<dx<<"-"<<dy<<"="<<dx-dy<<endl;
    cout<<dx<<"*"<<dy<<"="<<dx*dy<<endl;
    cout<<dx<<"/"<<dy<<"="<<dx/dy<<endl<<endl;
    //cout<<fx<<"%"<<fy<<"="<<fx%fy<<endl;  Error!

    //测试float和double类型数据的有效位
    fx=10.0;fy=6.0;
    float fz=fx/fy;
    dx=10.0;dy=6.0;
    double dz=dx/dy;
    cout<<"fz=";
    cout<<setprecision(20)<<fx<<"/"<<fy<<"="<<fz<<endl;
    cout<<"dz=";
    cout<<setprecision(20)<<dx<<"/"<<dy<<"="<<dz<<endl<<endl;;

    //float型溢出
    float x=3.5e14;
    cout<<"x="<<x<<endl;
    cout<<"x*x="<<x*x<<endl;
    cout<<"x*x*x="<<x*x*x<<endl;
}

字符

/*char*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	//字符变量声明
	char c1='A';
	char c2;

	//字符数据运算及输出
	c2=c1+32;
	cout<<"c="<<c1<<endl;
	cout<<"c2="<<c2<<endl;

	//字符及ASCII输出
	cout<<c1<<":"<<int(c1)<<endl;
	cout<<c2<<":"<<int(c2)<<endl;
	cout<<'&'<<int('&')<<endl;

	//输入字符
	cout<<"c1 c2"<<endl;
	cin>>c1>>c2;
	cout<<"c1="<<c1<<" c2="<<c2<<endl;

	return 0;

}

制表符等

#if 0
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	char c1='\a',TAB='\t';
	//阵铃一声
	cout<<c1<<endl;

	//水平制表
	cout<<1<<TAB<<2<<TAB<<3<<TAB<<4<<endl;

	//使用双引号
	cout<<"swxc\"tx\"."<<endl;

	//使用回车换行
	cout<<"xctx\n"<<"0707\n";

	return 0;
}
#endif

bool

#if 0
/*bool(0,1,false,true)*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	//声明bool变量并初始化
	bool xc1=false,xc2=true;

	//输出bool变量及常量
	cout<<"false:"<<false<<endl;
	cout<<"true:"<<true<<endl;
	cout<<"xc1:"<<xc1<<endl;
	cout<<"xc2:"<<xc2<<endl;

	//bool变量的赋值与输出
	int a=3;
	xc1=a>0;
	cout<<"xc1="<<xc1<<endl;
	xc2=xc1;
	cout<<"xc2:"<<xc2<<endl;

	//bool超界处理
	xc1=100;
	xc2=-200;
	cout<<"xc1:"<<xc1<<endl;
	cout<<"xc2:"<<xc2<<endl;

	return 0;
}
#endif

const

#if 0
/*const*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
const double sw=2.56;
int main()
{
	double a=1.5l,sum;
	sum=a+sw;
	cout<<"sum is:"<<sum<<endl;
	return 0;
}
#endif

enum

#if 0
/*enum*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	//定义枚举类型，并为枚举元素赋值
	enum num{
		one=1,
		two=2,
		three=3
	};
	//声明枚举变量并赋值
	enum num a=two;
	num b;//在C++中是允许的（struct也可以）

	//输出枚举常量
	cout<<"one:"<<one<<endl;
	cout<<"two:"<<two<<endl;
	cout<<"three:"<<three<<endl;

	//枚举变量的赋值和输出
	b=a;
	a=one;
	cout<<"a="<<a<<endl;
	cout<<"b="<<b<<endl;

	//关系运算
	b=three;
	cout<<"a<b="<<(a<b)<<endl;

	return 0;

}
#endif

赋值误差

#if 0
#include <iostream.h>
const double PI=3.1416;     //声明常量(const变量)PI为3.1416
main() 
{
    //声明3个变量
    double r=3,l,s;   

    //计算圆的周长
    l=2*PI*r; 
    cout<<"l="<<l<<endl; 
	 
    //计算圆的面积
    s=PI*r*r; 
    cout<<"s="<<s<<endl;    

    //验证赋值误差
    int il,is;
    il=l;
    is=s;
    cout<<"il="<<il<<endl; 
    cout<<"is="<<is<<endl;    
}
#endif

if

#if 0
/*输入判断奇偶数*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    int n;
    cout<<"n=";
    cin>>n;
    if (n>=0 && n<=100 &&n%2==0)
       cout<<"n="<<n<<endl;
    else
       cout<<"The "<<n<<" is out of range!"<<endl;
}
#endif

自增自减

#if 0
/*递增与递减*/
#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
main() 
{ 
    //变量声明
    char c;
    double x,y;

    //测试自增
	cout<<"++E and E++ :"<<endl;
    c='B';
    cout<<"c="<<++c<<endl;   //输出c=C
    c='B';
    cout<<"c="<<c++<<endl;   //输出c=B
    x=1.5;
    y=5+ ++x;               //加号后的空格不能少
    cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;    //输出y=7.5
    x=1.5;
    y=5+x++;
    cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;    //输出y=6.5
    cout<<"--------------------"<<endl;

	//测试自减
	cout<<"--E and E-- :"<<endl;
    c='B';
    cout<<"c="<<--c<<endl;   //输出c=A
    c='B';
    cout<<"c="<<c--<<endl;   //输出c=B
    x=1.5;
    y=5+--x;
    cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;    //输出y=5.5
    x=1.5;
    y=5+x--;
    cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;    //输出y=6.5
}
#endif

关系表达式

#if 0
/*关系表达式*/
#include <iostream.h>
main()
{
    int a=3, b=2;

    //输出关系表达式
    cout<<(a<b)<<endl;
    cout<<(a<b)<<(a>b)<<(a>=b)<<(a==b)<<(a!=b)<<endl;

    bool flag=2*a<b+10;
    cout<<"flag="<<flag;
}
#endif

逻辑、关系运算

#if 0
/*逻辑运算与关系运算*/
#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
main()     
{
    float a=3.5,b=2.1,c=0;
    cout<<"a="<<a<<"  b="<<b<<"  c="<<c<<endl;

    //与运算
    cout<<"a&&b="<<(a&&b)<<endl;//输出1
    cout<<"a&&c="<<(a&&c)<<endl;//输出0

    //或运算
    cout<<"a||b="<<(a||b)<<endl;//输出1
    cout<<"a||c="<<(a||c)<<endl;//输出1

    //非运算
    cout<<"!a="<<!a<<endl<<"!c="<<!c<<endl;//输出0  1

    //关系运算和逻辑运算
    bool flag=a>=0 && a<=5;  //变量a在[0,5]区间内
    cout<<"a=>0 && a<=5="<<flag<<endl;//输出1

    //算术运算、关系运算和逻辑运算
    cout<<"a+5>2*b+2||a<b+3="<<(a+5>2*b+2||a<b+3)<<endl;//输出1
}
#endif

移位

#if 0
/*逻辑运算*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()     
{
    //按位与运算
    cout<<"24&12="<<(24&12)<<endl;
    //按位异或运算
    cout<<"24^12="<<(24^12)<<endl;
    //按位或运算
    cout<<"24|12="<<(24|12)<<endl;
    //按位取反运算
    cout<<"~24="<<(~24)<<endl;

    //左移位运算
    cout<<"5<<3="<<(5<<3)<<endl;
    cout<<"-5<<3="<<(-5<<3)<<endl;

    //右移位运算
    cout<<"5>>3="<<(5>>3)<<endl;
    cout<<"-5>>3="<<(-5>>3)<<endl;
}
#endif

表达式语句

#if 0
/*表达式语句*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    int a=1,b=1,c=3;
    //显示a,b,c的值
    cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<" c="<<c<<endl;

    //计算显示(1) b+=a+2*c%5; 的结果
    b+=a+2*c%5;    	//相当于表达式语句 b=b+(a+2*c%5);
    cout<<"(1) b="<<b<<endl;

    //计算显示(2) a<<=c-2*b; 的结果
    a=1,b=1,c=3;
    a<<=c-2*b;     	// 相当于表达式语句 a=a<<(c-2*b);
    cout<<"(2) a="<<a<<endl;

    //计算显示(3) a*=b=c=3;的结果
    a=1,b=1,c=3;
    a*=b=c=3;      	//相当于语句组 c=3;b=c;a=a*b;
    cout<<"(3) a="<<a<<"  b="<<b<<"  c="<<c<<endl;

    //计算显示(4) a+=b+=c;的结果
    a=1,b=1,c=3;
    a+=b+=c;       	//相当于语句组 b=b+c; a=a+b;
    cout<<"(4) a="<<a<<"  b="<<b<<"  c="<<c<<endl;

    //计算显示(5) a-=b=++c+2;的结果
    a=1,b=1,c=3;
    a-=b=++c+2;      	//相当于语句组 ++c;b=b+c+2;a=a-b;
    cout<<"(5) a="<<a<<"  b="<<b<<"  c="<<c<<endl;
}
#endif

sizeof

#if 0
/*sizeof*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //用 sizeof 计算各类种常量的字节长度
    cout<<"sizeof('$')="<<sizeof('$')<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(1)="<<sizeof(1)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(1.5)="<<sizeof(1.5)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(\"Good!\")="<<sizeof("Good!")<<endl;

    //用sizeof 计算各类型变量的字节长度
    int i=100;
    char c='A';
    float x=3.1416; 
    double p=0.1;
    cout<<"sizeof(i)="<<sizeof(i)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(c)="<<sizeof(c)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(x)="<<sizeof(x)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(p)="<<sizeof(p)<<endl;

    //用sizeof 计算表达式的字节长度
    cout<<"sizeof(x+1.732)="<<sizeof(x+1.732)<<endl;

    //用 sizeof 计算各类型的字节长度
    cout<<"sizeof(char)="<<sizeof(char)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(int)="<<sizeof(int)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(float)="<<sizeof(float)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(double)="<<sizeof(double)<<endl;

    //用sizeof 计算数组的字节长度
    char str[]="This is a test.";
    int a[10];	
    double xy[10];
    cout<<"sizeof(str)="<<sizeof(str)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(a)="<<sizeof(a)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(xy)="<<sizeof(xy)<<endl;

    //用sizeof 计算自定义类型的长度
    struct st {
        short num;
        float math_grade;
        float Chinese_grade;
        float sum_grade;
    };
    st student1;
    cout<<"sizeof(st)="<<sizeof(st)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof(student1)="<<sizeof(student1)<<endl;
}
#endif

顺序运算

#if 0
/*顺序运算*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //声明变量语句中使用顺序运算
    int x, y;

    //计算中使用顺序运算
    x=50; 
    y=(x=x-5, x/5); 
    cout<<"x="<<x<<endl;
    cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;
}
#endif

类型转换

#if 0
/*类型转换*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //测试表达式类型的转换
    int n=100,m;
    double x=3.791,y;
    cout<<"n*x="<<n*x<<endl;
    
    //赋值类型转换
    m=x;
    y=n;
    cout<<"m="<<m<<endl;
    cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;

    //强制类型转换
    cout<<"int(x)="<<int(x)<<endl;
    cout<<"(int)x="<<(int)x<<endl;
    cout<<"int(1.732+x)="<<int(1.732+x)<<endl;
    cout<<"(int)1.732+x="<<(int)1.723+x<<endl;
    cout<<"double(100)="<<double(100)<<endl;
}
#endif

if(1)

#if 0
/*if*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    float a,b,s;

    cout<<"a b"<<endl;
    cin>>a>>b;	   //利用cin从键盘上为变量 a,b 赋值
    s=a;
    if (a<b) {
       s=b;         //if语句中只有这一个语句，可省略花括号
    }
    s=s*s;          //变量s中保存a,b中较大的一个数的平方
    cout<<"s="<<s;
	return 0;
}
#endif

if-else

#if 0
/*if-else*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    int x,y;
    cout<<"x=";
    cin>>x;
    if (x<=0) {            //满足条件执行
       y=2*x; 
       cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;;     //输出结果
    }
    else  {              //不满足条件执行
       y=x*x; 
       cout<<"y="<<y<<endl;    //输出结果
    }
}
#endif

if嵌套

#if 0
/*if-else内层*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    int a,b,c;
    int smallest;
    cout<<"a  b  c"<<endl;
    cin>>a>>b>>c;
    if (a<=b)    //外层条件语句
    {
        if (a<=c)    //内层条件语句
           smallest=a;
        else
           smallest=c;
    }
    else
    {
       if (b<=c)    //内层条件语句
           smallest=b;
       else
           smallest=c;
    }
    cout<<"Smallest="<<smallest<<endl;
}
#endif

#if 0
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    int score;

    //从键盘上输入分数
    cout<<"score=";
    cin>>score;

    //用带else if的条件语句判断处理
    if (score<0 || score>100)    
    {
       cout<<"The score is out of range!"<<endl;
    }
    else if (score>=90) 
       cout<<"Your grade is a A."<<endl;
    else if (score>=80) 
       cout<<"Your grade is a B."<<endl;
    else if (score>=70) 
       cout<<"Your grade is a C."<<endl;
    else if (score>=60) 
       cout<<"Your grade is a D."<<endl;
    else 
       cout<<"Your grade is a E."<<endl;
}
#endif

#if 0
/*100以内偶数*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
		for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
		{
			if(i%2==0)
			{
				cout<<i<<"\t";
			}
			else
				continue;
		}
		return 0;
}
#endif

二元运算

#if 0
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    int a,b,Max;
    //输入数据
    cout<<"a=";
    cin>>a;
    cout<<"b=";
    cin>>b;

    //找出较大值
    Max=a>b?a:b;
    cout<<"Max="<<Max<<endl;
	return 0;
}
#endif

判断

#if 0
/*除法*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    int a,b;
    //输入数据
    cout<<"a=";
    cin>>a;
    cout<<"b=";
    cin>>b;

    //除法判断
    if (b!=0 && a%b==0) {
        cout<<b<<" divides "<<a<<endl;
        cout<<"a/b="<<a/b<<endl;
    }
    else
        cout<<b<<" does not divide "<<a<<endl;
}
#endif

switch

#if 0
/*switch*/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //x,y 为操作数，c为运算符
    int x,y,z;
    char c1;
    cin>>x>>c1>>y;   //c1

    //多路选择语句选择不同表达式计算语句
    switch(c1) {
          case '+':cout<<x<<"+"<<y<<"="<<x+y<<endl;
                   break;
          case '-':cout<<x<<"-"<<y<<"="<<x-y<<endl;
                   break;
          case '*':cout<<x<<"*"<<y<<"="<<x*y<<endl;
                   break;
          case '/':cout<<x<<"/"<<y<<"="<<x/y<<endl;
                   break;
          case '%':cout<<x<<"%"<<y<<"="<<x%y<<endl;
                   break;
          default :cout<<"Wrong !"<<endl; //当不符合上述情况时执行本子句
    }
}
#endif

全局与局部变量

#if 0
/*全局变量与局部变量*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float x=365.5;  //声明全局变量
main() {
    int x=1,y=2;
    double w=x+y;
    {
        double x=1.414,y=1.732,z=3.14;
        cout<<"inner:x="<<x<<endl;
        cout<<"inner:y="<<y<<endl;
        cout<<"inner:z="<<z<<endl;
        cout<<"outer:w="<<w<<endl;
        cout<<"::x="<<::x<<endl;    //访问重名的全局变量
    }
    cout<<"outer:x="<<x<<endl;
    cout<<"outer:y="<<y<<endl;
    cout<<"outer:w="<<w<<endl;

    //cout<<"inner:z="<<z<<endl;无效
    cout<<"::x="<<::x<<endl;    //访问重名的全局变量
}
#endif

for

#if 0
/*for*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main() {
    //显示1,2,3...10
    for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
        cout<<i<<" ";
    cout<<endl;

    //显示10,9,8...1
    for(int j=10;j>=1;j--)
       cout<<j<<" ";
    cout<<endl;

    //显示1,3,5...9
    for(int k=1;k<=10;k=k+2)
       cout<<k<<" ";
    cout<<endl;

    //显示ABC...Z   
    for(char c='A';c<='Z';c++)
       cout<<c;
    cout<<endl;

    //显示0,0.1,0.2...1.0
    for(float x=0;x<=1.0;x=x+0.1)
       cout<<x<<" ";
    cout<<endl;

    //显示0,0.1,0.2...1.0
    for(float x1=0;x1<=1.0+0.1/2;x1=x1+0.1)
       cout<<x1<<" ";
    cout<<endl;

    //计算s=1+2+3...+100
    int s=0;
    for(int n=1;n<=100;n++)
        s=s+n;
    cout<<"s="<<s<<endl;
}
#endif

while

#if 0
/*while*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //计算s=1+2+3...+100
    int s=0,n=1;
    while(n<=100) {
        s=s+n;
        n++;
    }
    cout<<"s="<<s<<endl;

    //累加键盘输入的数据
    double x,sum=0.0;
    cout<<"x=";
    cin>>x;
    while(x!=0) {
        sum+=x;
        cout<<"x=";
        cin>>x;
    }
    cout<<"sum="<<sum<<endl;
}
#endif

do-while

#if 0
/*do-while*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //计算s=1+2+3...+100
    int s=0,n=0;
    do  {
        n++;
        s+=n;
    }while(n<100);
    cout<<"s="<<s<<endl;

    //累加键盘输入的数据
    double x,sum=0.0;
    do {
        cout<<"x=";
        cin>>x;
        sum+=x;
    } while(x!=0);
    cout<<"sum="<<sum<<endl;
}
#endif

#if 0
/*9*9*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	for(int i=1;i<=9;i++)
	{
		cout<<i;
		for(int j=i;j<=9;j++)
		{
			cout<<"\t"<<i<<"*"<<j<<"="<<i*j<<endl;
		}
	}
}
#endif

goto

#if 0
/*goto*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	int x,sum=0;
L1:cout<<"x=";//定义标记L1
   cin>>x;
   if(x==-2)
	   goto L2;//转到L2
   else
	   sum+=x;
		cout<<"sum="<<sum<<endl;
   goto L1;//转到L1

L2:cout<<"error!"<<"sum="<<sum<<endl;
   goto L1;

   return 0;
}
#endif

break

#if 0
/*break(跳出)*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //累加键盘输入的数据
    double x,sum=0.0;
    while(1) {
        cout<<"x=";
        cin>>x;
        if (x<=0) break;
        sum+=x;
    }
    cout<<"sum="<<sum<<endl;
}
#endif

continue

#if 0
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
    //累加键盘输入的数据
    double x,sum=0.0;
    while(1) {
        cout<<"x=";
        cin>>x;
        if (x<=0) continue;
        sum+=x;
    }
    cout<<"sum="<<sum<<endl;
}
#endif