K-近邻（KNN）算法学习记录：鸢尾花种类预测、sklearn api、数据集获取、特征预处理、归一化、标准化、数据集划分、交叉验证、网格搜索

鸢尾花数据集简介

scikit-learn中数据集的介绍

scikit-learn中数据集api的介绍

scikit-learn小数据集

# 引入鸢尾花数据集
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

# 加载数据并显示，注意数据中data和target是分开的
iris = load_iris()
iris

{'data': array([[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2],
        [4.9, 3. , 1.4, 0.2],
        [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
        [4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],
        [5. , 3.6, 1.4, 0.2],
        [5.4, 3.9, 1.7, 0.4],
        [4.6, 3.4, 1.4, 0.3],
        [5. , 3.4, 1.5, 0.2],
        [4.4, 2.9, 1.4, 0.2],
        [4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1],

…
‘target’: array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]),
‘frame’: None,
‘target_names’: array([‘setosa’, ‘versicolor’, ‘virginica’], dtype=‘<U10’),
‘DESCR’: ‘… _iris_dataset:\n\nIris plants dataset\n--------------------\n\nData Set Characteristics:\n\n :Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes)\n :Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class\n :Attribute Information:\n - sepal length in cm\n - sepal width in cm\n - petal length in cm\n - petal width in cm\n - class:\n - Iris-Setosa\n - Iris-Versicolour\n - Iris-Virginica\n \n :Summary Statistics:\n\n ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n Min Max Mean SD Class Correlation\n ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n sepal length: 4.3 7.9 5.84 0.83 0.7826\n sepal width: 2.0 4.4 3.05 0.43 -0.4194\n petal length: 1.0 6.9 3.76 1.76 0.9490 (high!)\n petal width: 0.1 2.5 1.20 0.76 0.9565 (high!)\n ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n\n :Missing Attribute Values: None\n :Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.\n :Creator: R.A. Fisher\n :Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)\n :Date: July, 1988\n\nThe famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken\nfrom Fisher’s paper. Note that it’s the same as in R, but not as in the UCI\nMachine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points.\n\nThis is perhaps the best known database to be found in the\npattern recognition literature. Fisher’s paper is a classic in the field and\nis referenced frequently to this day. (See Duda & Hart, for example.) The\ndata set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a\ntype of iris plant. One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the\nlatter are NOT linearly separable from each other.\n\n… topic:: References\n\n - Fisher, R.A. “The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems”\n Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in “Contributions to\n Mathematical Statistics” (John Wiley, NY, 1950).\n - Duda, R.O., & Hart, P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis.\n (Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-22361-1. See page 218.\n - Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) “Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System\n Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed\n Environments”. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine\n Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71.\n - Gates, G.W. (1972) “The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule”. IEEE Transactions\n on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433.\n - See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64. Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II\n conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data.\n - Many, many more …’,
‘feature_names’: [‘sepal length (cm)’,
‘sepal width (cm)’,
‘petal length (cm)’,
‘petal width (cm)’],
‘filename’: ‘iris.csv’,
‘data_module’: ‘sklearn.datasets.data’}

scikit-learn大数据集

# 引入20newsgroups数据集
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups

# 加载数据
news = fetch_20newsgroups(data_home="../data/")
news

{'data': ["From: lerxst@wam.umd.edu (where's my thing)\nSubject: WHAT car is this!?\nNntp-Posting-Host: rac3.wam.umd.edu\nOrganization: University of Maryland, College Park\nLines: 15\n\n I was wondering if anyone out there could enlighten me on this car I saw\nthe other day. It was a 2-door sports car, looked to be from the late 60s/\nearly 70s. It was called a Bricklin. The doors were really small. In addition,\nthe front bumper was separate from the rest of the body. This is \nall I know. If anyone can tellme a model name, engine specs, years\nof production, where this car is made, history, or whatever info you\nhave on this funky looking car, please e-mail.\n\nThanks,\n- IL\n   ---- brought to you by your neighborhood Lerxst ----\n\n\n\n\n",,.........此处省略若干

scikit-learn数据集返回值介绍

# 引入鸢尾花数据集
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

# 加载数据
iris = load_iris()

# 打印数据
print("鸢尾花数据集的返回值\n", iris)

# 返回值是一个继承自字典的Bunch
print("鸢尾花的特征值\n", iris["data"])
print("鸢尾花的目标值\n", iris.target)
print("鸢尾花特征的名字\n", iris.feature_names)
print("鸢尾花目标值的名字\n", iris.target_names)
print("鸢尾花的描述\n", iris.DESCR)

鸢尾花数据集的返回值
 {'data': array([[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2],
       [4.9, 3. , 1.4, 0.2],
       [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
       [4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],
       [5. , 3.6, 1.4, 0.2],
       此处省略若干,
       [5.9, 3. , 5.1, 1.8]]), 'target': array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
       1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
       1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
       2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
       2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]), 'frame': None, 'target_names': array(['setosa', 'versicolor', 'virginica'], dtype='<U10'), 'DESCR': '.. _iris_dataset:\n\nIris plants dataset\n--------------------\n\n**Data Set Characteristics:**\n\n    :Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes)\n    :Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class\n    :Attribute Information:\n        - sepal length in cm\n        - sepal width in cm\n        - petal length in cm\n        - petal width in cm\n        - class:\n                - Iris-Setosa\n                - Iris-Versicolour\n                - Iris-Virginica\n                \n    :Summary Statistics:\n\n    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n                    Min  Max   Mean    SD   Class Correlation\n    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n    sepal length:   4.3  7.9   5.84   0.83    0.7826\n    sepal width:    2.0  4.4   3.05   0.43   -0.4194\n    petal length:   1.0  6.9   3.76   1.76    0.9490  (high!)\n    petal width:    0.1  2.5   1.20   0.76    0.9565  (high!)\n    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n\n    :Missing Attribute Values: None\n    :Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.\n    :Creator: R.A. Fisher\n    :Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)\n    :Date: July, 1988\n\nThe famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken\nfrom Fisher\'s paper. Note that it\'s the same as in R, but not as in the UCI\nMachine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points.\n\nThis is perhaps the best known database to be found in the\npattern recognition literature.  Fisher\'s paper is a classic in the field and\nis referenced frequently to this day.  (See Duda & Hart, for example.)  The\ndata set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a\ntype of iris plant.  One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the\nlatter are NOT linearly separable from each other.\n\n.. topic:: References\n\n   - Fisher, R.A. "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems"\n     Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in "Contributions to\n     Mathematical Statistics" (John Wiley, NY, 1950).\n   - Duda, R.O., & Hart, P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis.\n     (Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons.  ISBN 0-471-22361-1.  See page 218.\n   - Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) "Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System\n     Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed\n     Environments".  IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine\n     Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71.\n   - Gates, G.W. (1972) "The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule".  IEEE Transactions\n     on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433.\n   - See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64.  Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II\n     conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data.\n   - Many, many more ...', 'feature_names': ['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)'], 'filename': 'iris.csv', 'data_module': 'sklearn.datasets.data'}
鸢尾花的特征值
 [[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
 [4.9 3.  1.4 0.2]
 [4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
 [4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
 [5.  3.6 1.4 0.2]
 [5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
 [4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]此处省略若干]
鸢尾花的目标值
 [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2]
鸢尾花特征的名字
 ['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)']
鸢尾花目标值的名字
 ['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica']
鸢尾花的描述
 .. _iris_dataset:

Iris plants dataset
--------------------

**Data Set Characteristics:**

    :Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes)
    :Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class
    :Attribute Information:
        - sepal length in cm
        - sepal width in cm
        - petal length in cm
        - petal width in cm
        - class:
                - Iris-Setosa
                - Iris-Versicolour
                - Iris-Virginica
                
    :Summary Statistics:

    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================
                    Min  Max   Mean    SD   Class Correlation
    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================
    sepal length:   4.3  7.9   5.84   0.83    0.7826
    sepal width:    2.0  4.4   3.05   0.43   -0.4194
    petal length:   1.0  6.9   3.76   1.76    0.9490  (high!)
    petal width:    0.1  2.5   1.20   0.76    0.9565  (high!)
    ============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================

    :Missing Attribute Values: None
    :Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.
    :Creator: R.A. Fisher
    :Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)
    :Date: July, 1988

The famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken
from Fisher's paper. Note that it's the same as in R, but not as in the UCI
Machine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points.

This is perhaps the best known database to be found in the
pattern recognition literature.  Fisher's paper is a classic in the field and
is referenced frequently to this day.  (See Duda & Hart, for example.)  The
data set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a
type of iris plant.  One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the
latter are NOT linearly separable from each other.

.. topic:: References

   - Fisher, R.A. "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems"
     Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in "Contributions to
     Mathematical Statistics" (John Wiley, NY, 1950).
   - Duda, R.O., & Hart, P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis.
     (Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons.  ISBN 0-471-22361-1.  See page 218.
   - Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) "Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System
     Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed
     Environments".  IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
     Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71.
   - Gates, G.W. (1972) "The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule".  IEEE Transactions
     on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433.
   - See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64.  Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II
     conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data.
   - Many, many more ...

查看数据分布

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

# 把数据转化成dataframe的格式
iris_d = pd.DataFrame(iris["data"], columns=["Sepal_Length", "Sepal_Width", "Petal_Length", "Petal_Width"])
iris_d["Species"] = iris.target

# 简单绘图
def iris_simple_plot(data, col1, col2):
    sns.lmplot(x=col1, y=col2, data=data)

iris_simple_plot(iris_d, "Sepal_Length", "Petal_Width")

# 添加目标值，会根据 目标值的不同绘制散点并分别拟合曲线
def iris_plot_withhue(data, col1, col2, target):
    sns.lmplot(x=col1, y=col2, data=data, hue=target)

iris_plot_withhue(iris_d, "Sepal_Length", "Petal_Width", "Species")

# 去除拟合曲线
def iris_plot_withhue_withoutfit(data, col1, col2, target):
    sns.lmplot(x=col1, y=col2, data=data, hue=target, fit_reg=False)

iris_plot_withhue_withoutfit(iris_d, "Sepal_Length", "Petal_Width", "Species")

# 添加辅助信息
def iris_plot(data, col1, col2, target):
    sns.lmplot(x=col1, y=col2, data=data, hue=target, fit_reg=False)
    plt.title("鸢尾花数据展示")
    plt.xlabel(col1)
    plt.ylabel(col2)
    plt.show()

iris_plot_withhue_withoutfit(iris_d, "Sepal_Length", "Petal_Width", "Species")

数据集划分

# 导入
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# 划分，四个返回值依次是训练集的特征值、测试集的特征值、训练集的目标值、测试集的目标值
# test_size是测试集占比，random_state是随机数种子，如果传入一样的整数值划分的结果就一样
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(iris.data, iris.target, test_size=0.3, random_state=None)

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test

(array([[5. , 3.3, 1.4, 0.2],
        [6.3, 3.3, 4.7, 1.6],
        [6. , 3. , 4.8, 1.8],
        [6.2, 3.4, 5.4, 2.3],
        [6.2, 2.8, 4.8, 1.8],
        [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2],
        [6.3, 3.4, 5.6, 2.4],此处省略若干

 array([0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0,
        1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2,
        2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2,
        2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2,
        2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 1, 2]),
 array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 2, 0,
        1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0,
        1]))

特征工程-特征预处理

特征预处理定义

包含内容(数值型数据的无量纲化)

• 归一化
• 标准化

api

sklearn.preprocessing

归一化

通过对原始数据进行变换把数据映射到(默认[0, 1])之间

公式

api

具体使用

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler

# 数据准备
# txt也是通过read_csv来读取的
data = pd.read_csv("../data/datingTestSet.txt", names=["milage", "Liters" , "Consumtime", "target"],
                   header=None, sep="\t")
data

	milage	Liters	Consumtime	target
0	40920	8.326976	0.953952	largeDoses
1	14488	7.153469	1.673904	smallDoses
2	26052	1.441871	0.805124	didntLike
3	75136	13.147394	0.428964	didntLike
4	38344	1.669788	0.134296	didntLike
...	...	...	...	...
995	11145	3.410627	0.631838	smallDoses
996	68846	9.974715	0.669787	didntLike
997	26575	10.650102	0.866627	largeDoses
998	48111	9.134528	0.728045	largeDoses
999	43757	7.882601	1.332446	largeDoses

1000 rows × 4 columns

# 归一化
# 实例化一个转换器
transfer = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, 1))
# 调用fit_transform方法
data = transfer.fit_transform(data[["milage", "Liters" , "Consumtime"]])

print("归一化的结果：\n")
data

归一化的结果：






array([[0.44832535, 0.39805139, 0.56233353],
       [0.15873259, 0.34195467, 0.98724416],
       [0.28542943, 0.06892523, 0.47449629],
       ...,
       [0.29115949, 0.50910294, 0.51079493],
       [0.52711097, 0.43665451, 0.4290048 ],
       [0.47940793, 0.3768091 , 0.78571804]])

总结

归一化实现起来较为简单，但是存在一个致命的缺点，最大值最小值极易受到异常点的影响，鲁棒性很差，只适合传统精确小数据的场景

标准化

定义

将原始数据变化到均值为0标准差为1的范围内

公式

api

具体使用

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

# 数据准备
data = pd.read_csv("../data/datingTestSet.txt", names=["milage", "Liters" , "Consumtime", "target"],
                   header=None, sep="\t")

# 标准化
# 实例化一个转换器
transfer = StandardScaler()
# 调用fit_transform方法
data = transfer.fit_transform(data[["milage", "Liters" , "Consumtime"]])

print("标准化的结果：\n", data)
print("每一列的均值：\n", transfer.mean_)
print("每一列的方差：\n",  transfer.var_)

标准化的结果：
 [[ 0.33193158  0.41660188  0.24523407]
 [-0.87247784  0.13992897  1.69385734]
 [-0.34554872 -1.20667094 -0.05422437]
 ...
 [-0.32171752  0.96431572  0.06952649]
 [ 0.65959911  0.60699509 -0.20931587]
 [ 0.46120328  0.31183342  1.00680598]]
每一列的均值：
 [3.36354210e+04 6.55996083e+00 8.32072997e-01]
每一列的方差：
 [4.81628039e+08 1.79902874e+01 2.46999554e-01]

流程实现

再识K-近邻算法api

步骤分析

1. 获取数据集
2. 数据基本处理
3. 特征工程
4. 机器学习(模型训练)
5. 模型评估

代码过程

导入模块

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

从sklearn当中获取数据集，然后进行数据集的分隔

# 1.加载
iris = load_iris()

# 2.数据基本处理
# 因为数据已经被处理的比较规范了，所以只需要做分割即可
# 数据集的分割
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(iris.data, iris.target, test_size=0.2)

进行数据集标准化

应将训练集和测试集分开后再规范化处理，测试集使用的是训练集保留下的参数（归一化的max、min，标准化的mean、std），也就是训练集规范化时使用自己的最大值最小值、均值方差，测试集规范化计算时仍使用训练集的最大值最小值、均值方差。

# 3.特征工程 标准化
transfer = StandardScaler()
x_train = transfer.fit_transform(x_train)
x_test = transfer.transform(x_test)

模型进行训练预测

# 4.机器学习(模型训练)
estimator = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
estimator.fit(x_train, y_train)

# 5.模型评估
# 方法1:比对真实值和预测值
y_predict = estimator.predict(x_test)
print("预测结果为:\n", y_predict)
print("比对真实值和预测值", y_predict==y_test)

# 方法2:直接计算准确率
score = estimator.score(x_test, y_test)
print("准确率为:\n", score)

预测结果为:
 [2 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 2]
比对真实值和预测值 [ True  True  True  True False  True  True  True  True  True  True  True
  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True False  True  True
  True  True  True  True  True  True]
准确率为:
 0.9333333333333333

K-近邻算法总结

优点

缺点

• 当样本不平衡时，比如一个类的样本容量很大，其他类的样本容量很小，输入一个样本的时候，K个临近值中大多数都是大样本容量的那个类，这时可能就会导致分类错误。改进方法是对K临近点进行加权，也就是距离近的点的权值大，距离远的点权值小。
• 计算量较大，每个待分类的样本都要计算它到全部点的距离，根据距离排序才能求得K个临近点，改进方法是：先对已知样本点进行剪辑，事先去除对分类作用不大的样本。

交叉验证 网格搜索

什么是交叉验证

解释

分析

为什么需要交叉验证

交叉验证并不能提高训练出来的模型的准确性，只能更好地评估模型的准确性

什么是网格搜索

解释

交叉验证与网格搜索(模型选择与调优)api

鸢尾花案例增加K值调优

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split, GridSearchCV
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier


# 1.加载
iris = load_iris()

# 2.数据基本处理
# 因为数据已经被处理的比较规范了，所以只需要做分割即可
# 数据集的分割
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(iris.data, iris.target, test_size=0.2)

# 3.特征工程 标准化
transfer = StandardScaler()
x_train = transfer.fit_transform(x_train)
x_test = transfer.transform(x_test)

# 4.机器学习(模型训练)
#4.1实例化一个估计器
estimator = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)

# 4.2调用交叉验证网格搜索模型，cv代表几折交叉验证，n_jobs等于-1时CPU满负荷跑
param_grid = {"n_neighbors":[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]}# 字典,代表对应的参数要取的值，此时参数又叫超参数
estimator = GridSearchCV(estimator=estimator, param_grid=param_grid, cv=10, n_jobs=-1)

# 4.3训练模型
estimator.fit(x_train, y_train)

# 5.模型评估
# 方法1:比对真实值和预测值
y_predict = estimator.predict(x_test)
print("预测结果为:\n", y_predict)
print("比对真实值和预测值", y_predict==y_test)

# 方法2:直接计算准确率
score = estimator.score(x_test, y_test)
print("准确率为:\n", score)

# 5.3其他评价指标
print("最好的模型:\n", estimator.best_estimator_)
print("最好的结果:\n", estimator.best_score_)
print("最好的参数:\n", estimator.best_params_)
print("模型的整体结果\n", estimator.cv_results_)

预测结果为:
 [2 0 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 1]
比对真实值和预测值 [ True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True
  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True  True
  True  True  True  True  True  True]
准确率为:
 1.0
最好的模型:
 KNeighborsClassifier()
最好的结果:
 0.95
最好的参数:
 {'n_neighbors': 5}
模型的整体结果
 {'mean_fit_time': array([0.00090003, 0.00100024, 0.00070007, 0.00089962, 0.00090055]), 'std_fit_time': array([3.00011052e-04, 1.71611699e-06, 4.58304749e-04, 2.99886165e-04,
       3.00188321e-04]), 'mean_score_time': array([0.0014998 , 0.00110073, 0.00170014, 0.00170119, 0.00129974]), 'std_score_time': array([0.00049987, 0.00030075, 0.0004584 , 0.00045899, 0.00064113]), 'param_n_neighbors': masked_array(data=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9],
             mask=[False, False, False, False, False],
       fill_value='?',
            dtype=object), 'params': [{'n_neighbors': 1}, {'n_neighbors': 3}, {'n_neighbors': 5}, {'n_neighbors': 7}, {'n_neighbors': 9}], 'split0_test_score': array([1., 1., 1., 1., 1.]), 'split1_test_score': array([1., 1., 1., 1., 1.]), 'split2_test_score': array([0.91666667, 0.83333333, 0.83333333, 0.91666667, 0.83333333]), 'split3_test_score': array([1., 1., 1., 1., 1.]), 'split4_test_score': array([0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.91666667]), 'split5_test_score': array([1.        , 1.        , 1.        , 0.91666667, 1.        ]), 'split6_test_score': array([0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.91666667]), 'split7_test_score': array([0.83333333, 0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.83333333, 0.83333333]), 'split8_test_score': array([0.91666667, 0.91666667, 1.        , 1.        , 1.        ]), 'split9_test_score': array([0.83333333, 0.83333333, 0.91666667, 0.91666667, 0.91666667]), 'mean_test_score': array([0.93333333, 0.93333333, 0.95      , 0.94166667, 0.94166667]), 'std_test_score': array([0.06236096, 0.06236096, 0.05527708, 0.05335937, 0.06508541]), 'rank_test_score': array([4, 4, 1, 2, 2])}