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<h1><a name="t0"></a><a id="1_0"></a>1.光在生物组织中的传输</h1>
光在生物组织中的传输是一个十分复杂的过程。生物组织是一种混浊介质(对光即有吸收，又有散射的介质叫做混浊介质)。在生物组织中传输时，光即会被吸收，又会被散射，以一种所谓“漫射”的方式在组织内部传输。如图1.1所示为光在混浊介质中传输的示意图，当光在混浊介质中传输时，可能被吸收，也可能从介质的边界出射。
图1.1：光在浑浊介质中的传输
研究光在生物组织中的传输主要包括两个方面的内容：(1)已知生物组织内部的光学参数及其分布，在给定的光源照明条件下得到组织各个部位的漫射光强分布及其光谱信息，这叫做“正问题(forwardproblem)模型”。通过正问题模型，在给定光照条件以及生物组织的条件下，我们可以推导计算出组织各部位的光强分布等物理量的理论值； (2)在特定的照明条件下已知组织各个部位的光强分布及其光谱信息，利用正问题模型反推出生物组织的光学参数及其分布，这叫做“ 逆问题(inverse problem)模型”。主要原理是用探测器来获得组织表面光强分布的实际探测数据，并不断调整生物组织光学参数的预测值及其分布，然后通过正问题模型得到相应的光强分布的理论值，并将理论值与实际值进行对比，根据一定的拟合模型计算出那个光学参数的分布，就是我们所想要得到的被测介质的光学参数的分布图像。 生物组织的光学参数之所以十分重要是因为通常来说，正常组织与病变组织的光学参数有较大区别，例如病变组织的吸收系数一般就比正常组织的大。 这样利用通过反推得到的生物组织的光学参数分布图像，就能为组织是否病变以及病变的部位提供可靠的依据。
2.漫射光层析成像技术
生物组织(如皮肤，肌肉等)对可见光和近红外光同时具有吸收和散射的作用，因此是一种“混浊介质”。光在通过混浊介质的时，在光子被介质吸收或者由介质出射之前，其在介质中的移动轨迹是随机的，有的光子在其运动方向上散射的比较少，因此会沿着接近其入射轨迹的方向从介质中透射出来，称为弹道光(Ballistic Light）。有的光子则经过多次散射，其运动轨迹十分随机且没有规律，称为漫射光(Diffuse Light）。 由于生物组织是一种高散射体，因此通常来说从生物组织中出射的光中，漫射光占主导地位，弹道光只占一小部分，且随着样品的变厚，弹道光的比重会进一步的减小。因此近年来，以漫射光为研究对象的光散射也逐渐成为研究的热点。把光学成像手段和现有的医学成像手段如CT，MRI等结合起来，可以大大提高临床生物医学成像技术的安全性、无损性和准确性。而通过漫射光来得到组织的信息，利用漫射光来进行层析成像的技术叫做漫射光层析成像(DOT，Diffuse Optical Tomography)技术。
DOT为基于组织的无损探测提供了一种新的技术手段，利用它所提供的组织的光学特性我们可以判别和诊断出被测组织所处的生理状态，如正常组织，癌变组织，病变组织等组织状态，从而实现疾病的早期诊断，这在临床医学应用中具有重大的现实意义和实用价值。目前DOT已经被应用在许多疾病的临床诊断上，例如新生儿脑部血液血氧饱和度的测量，乳腺癌的检测及成像，肿瘤的成像以及大脑皮质的功能成像等。相信随着这种技术的进一步发展和成熟，其应用的领域也会越来越多。
2.1DOT的基本原理
DOT采用间接法来获取组织的光学参数，它不是直接去测量组织的光学参数，而是利用实验测量得到的组织表面的漫反射光的时间空间分布，然后根据某种理论模型来反推出或者叫重构出组织体的光学参数分布，从而实现疾病的早期诊断。
光源照射样品，探测器获得探测数据
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>，探测器可以在介质表面移动，因此每一个探测点都可以得到一个探测数据，所以根据事先安排好的光源以及探测点的位置，我们通常可以得到一系列不同位置探测器对应探测数据，记为向量<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
=
(
Φ
1
,
Φ
2
,
⋯
,
Φ
M
)
T
\Phi=(\Phi_1,\Phi_2,\cdots,\Phi_M)^T
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.09133em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.328331em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">M</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.841331em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>(M为探测点的总数)。显然向量<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>会受到介质的光学参数(如吸收系数、散射系数、散射各向异性系数等)及其分布的影响，我们把这些光学参数用变量<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>来表示。<strong>通常来说，对于一般的非均匀介质的光学参数图像重构，需要首先把待重构的介质在空间上划分为由许多个小格组成的网络，再分别对每个小格中的光学参数通过某种方法进行计算，最后就能够得到整个介质的光学参数空间分布。</strong> 假设整个介质被划分为N个小单元，则可以用一个向量<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
=
(
μ
1
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μ
2
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⋯
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\mu=(\mu_1,\mu_2,\cdots,\mu_N)^T
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.09133em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.328331em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.841331em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>来表示待重构的光学参数。因此我们就可以在数学上得到一个<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>与<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>之间的公式：<span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
i
=
f
(
μ
1
,
μ
2
,
⋯
,
μ
N
)
,
i
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
M
(2.1)
\Phi_i=f(\mu_1,\mu_2,\cdots,\mu_N),i=1,2,\cdots,M \tag{2.1}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.328331em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.87777em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">M</span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">1</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 式2.1表明介质中每个区域的光学参数对介质的出射光都有影响，最后介质表面某一点的出射光强与每一个单元的光学参数都有关系。为方便起见，式2.1还可以简写为：<span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
=
f
(
μ
)
,
Φ
∈
R
M
,
μ
∈
R
N
(2.2)
\Phi=f(\mu),\Phi\in R^M,\mu\in R^N\tag{2.2}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.08577em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.891331em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">M</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.891331em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.891331em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.14133em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 利用公式2.2我们就可以精确地描述光在介质中传输这个问题，研究此公式中<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
→
Φ
\mu\rightarrow\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>的正向函数映射关系的理论就是DOT中所谓的“正问题理论”，反之研究<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
→
μ
\Phi\rightarrow\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>反向映射关系，根据某个给定的<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>值反推出对应的<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>值的理论，则是DOT中的“逆问题理论”。DOT的主要研究内容就是<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>与<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>之间的这种函数映射关系。<br> <strong>用可见光或红外光照射生物组织，探测器获得探测数据，然后根据正问题模型，推导出不同形状及光学参数下各探测器处的漫射光强等物理量的理论值，并与实测的光强等数据进行比较，就可以通过拟合等方法来求解逆问题，获得被测介质的光学参数如吸收系数、散射系数、散射各向异性系数等的分布图像。这就是DOT的基本思想。</strong><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200105202012633.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80Mzk4NjAxNQ==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="468" height="660"></p>
图2.1：DOT获取组织光学参数分布的基本原理
如图2.1所示为DOT获得组织光学参数分布的基本原理：
1、首先，根据某种理论模型(称为“正问题模型”)，推导出不同形状及光学参数分布下各探测器处的漫射光强等物理量的理论值。
2、然后用光源照射样本，用探测器阵列获得探测数据。
3、将正问题模型推导出的理论值与实测的光强等数据进行比较，就可以通过拟合等方法来求解逆问题，得到被测介质的吸收系数
μ
a
\mu_a
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">a</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>、散射系数<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
s
\mu_s
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>。以及散各项异性参数<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
g
g
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">g</span></span></span></span></span>。如果光源具有一定的波长范围(如500～1000nm)，那么我们就可以得到被测介质的吸收和散射谱。</strong>
2.2DOT的分类
（一）连续光测量DOT、时间分辨测量DOT和频率分辨测量DOT
根据光源与探测器种类的不同，DOT可以分为三种模式：连续光CW测量模式、时间分辨TR测量模式以及频率分辨FR测量模式。
a.连续光(CW，Continuous Wave)测量模式
直接使用不经调制的稳态光源对生物组织进行照射，在组织表面利用探测器阵列测量光通过组织后在组织表面不同位置的出射光强度，然后利用这些实验测量值来求得被测组织的光学参数及其分布，这就是连续光测量模式[1]。与时域和频域测量模式相比，连续光测量DOT设备简单、成本低，更易于小型化。因为时间分辨DOT的光源需要用到超短脉冲激光，对仪器要求高，设备昂贵且不易小型化，而频率分辨DOT测量设备复杂，灵敏度低。连续光测量DOT直接使用不经调制的稳态光源，具有简单、成本低、测量时间短的优点，是目前临床实用前景最好的一种光学无损检测技术，尤其在动态检测方面，连续光DOT有着明显的优势。前文提到的脑功能成像及血液中的血氧饱和度的测量就可以使用这种连续光测量DOT来完成。它的缺点是需要对出射光强进行绝对测量，最终结果对探测环境比较敏感，如探测光纤的轻微移动或轻压样品都会使得测量结果出现较大的变化。
b.时间分辨(TR,Time Resolved)测量模式
在时间分辨测量模式[2]中，采用超短脉冲激光(通常为皮秒或飞秒光)照射样品，以单光子计数器为探测器来得到样品表面不同位置处出射光的脉冲形状及强度分布，进而得到出射光的时间点扩散函TPSF(Temporal Point Spread Function)。TPSF是指超短脉冲激光通过散射介质后所得到的脉冲形状变化或者说光子瞬时分布，对TPSF进行一些拟合求解可以得到被测组织的光学特性信息。这种测量方法的优点是可以得到最丰富的光子行进路径信息，且由于其采用单光子计数器作为探测器，所以探测系统的灵敏度很高。但是它的缺点也很明显，就是成本比较高。由于需要使用超短脉冲激光作为光源，这就限制了很多其他普通激光器在这种模式中的使用，而且现阶段超短脉冲激光光源通常价格昂贵，且设备比较复杂，这也导致它难以小型化、模块化，从而难以被用在实际的临床诊断中。
c.频率分辨(F＆Frequency Resolved)测量模式
频率分辨测量是指采用强度被高频信号(调制频率通常为MHz)的光源照射生物组织，强度调制光在组织中传输，并形成调制频率不变，但强度随位置变化的光子密度波(PDW,Photon DensityWave)。这种光子密度波在组织内部也以漫射的方式被组织散射和吸收，所以其出射光也携带有组织本身的光学特性信息如吸收系数、散射系数以及散射各向异性系数等。漫反射出射光子密度波与入射光有相同的调制频率，不同的振幅和相位，通过测量漫反射出射光子密度波的幅度、相位，我们就可以通过一定的数据处理和理论计算提取出关于组织光学特性的有用信息。频率分辨测量模式的优点是测量速度快，成本也不高，但是它对探测器的灵敏度要求较高，要求设计高灵敏度的检测电路，增加了整个测量装置的复杂性，不利于整个系统的小型化和模块化。
（二）荧光DOT和普通DOT
根据检测时是否需要向样品中注入荧光剂，我们还可以把DOT分为普通DOT和荧光DOT(FDOT)。
在普通DOT中，我们直接利用光源照射光在样品中的传输来重构出检测组织的光学参数及其分布，但是有时仅通过这些信息来进行疾病的早期探测是困难的。因为通常来说，在疾病的早期阶段，病变组织的光学参数相较正常组织来说其光学参数改变并不显著，且体积一般也很小，也就是说正常组织和病变组织之间的光学区别并不大，这样通过普通的DOT就难以探测到。
荧光DOT就是用来解决这个问题的，它主要是通过荧光剂加强正常组织与病变组织之间光学区别来增强对比度的。我们知道，当某些荧光剂被注射到生物组织中，过一段时间后会在肿瘤等病变组织中聚集，从而将病变组织标记出来，这时我们通过某种光源照射组织，激发荧光剂发出荧光，荧光在生物组织中也是以漫射的方式传输，这样我们通过探测组织表面荧光强度的时间空间分布就可以得到病变组织的位置及大小等信息从而实现疾病的早期诊断。所以在荧光DOT中光源仅仅是用来激励荧光剂发出荧光的，我们并不是通过激励光而是通过荧光的散射来得到样品的光学信息。但是荧光DOT只适用于病变组织较浅的情况下，且由于需要向被测样品中注入荧光剂，而且不具有无损性。
（三）反射DOT和透射DOT
根据DOT中测量装置的位置，还可以分为反射式DOT和透射式DOT。顾名思义，反射式DOT就是探测器与光源在被测样品的同侧，主要是利用照射光的背向散射来得到样品的光学信息。而透射式DOT则是探测器与光源在被测样品的两侧，利用入射光的前向散射来获取样品的光学信息。透射式DOT比较适用于样品厚度较小的情况，而当样品厚度变大时，反射式测量更加有利于图像的重构，如下图所示为反射式和透射式DOT的设备示意图。
图2.2：(a)反射式DOT和(b)投射式DOT设备示意图
2.3DOT的正向问题理论模型
DOT是一种基于漫射光的特性而逐渐发展起来的一种成像方法，通过求解正问题，我们可以在已知介质吸收和散射系数分布的条件下，模拟出光在介质中的传输行为，得到介质上下表面的后向散射图样和前向散射图样。在DOT中建立一个准确而高效的正问题模型是至关重要的，因为它是用来求解逆问题的基础。DOT最后重构出来的图像的质量直接依赖于正问题模型的精度，如果正问题模型无法准确地描述光在介质中的传输，那么重构出来的图像肯定也是不准确的。
通常用于求解DOT正问题的理论模型有三种：Monte Carlo模型[3]，基于辐射传输方程[4](RTE,Radiance Transport Equation)的辐射传输模型，以及通过对RTE做一定的漫射近似[5](DA，Diffusion Approximation)而得到的漫射方程模型[6]。本文第三章将对这三种理论模型做比较详细的讲解，这里首先简要介绍一下关于辐射传输方程理论及漫射方程理论的有关工作。
当光源为时间空间狄拉克函数[7]时，即光源可以用下式表达时：
ε
(
r
→
,
s
→
)
,
t
=
δ
(
r
→
)
δ
(
s
→
)
δ
(
t
)
(2.3)
\varepsilon(\overrightarrow{r},\overrightarrow{s}),t=\delta(\overrightarrow{r})\delta(\overrightarrow{s})\delta({t}) \tag{2.3}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.20256em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">ε</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.95256em;"><span class="" style="top: -3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">r</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top: -3.43056em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height: 0.522em; min-width: 0.888em;">
<svg width="400em" height="0.522em" viewBox="0 0 400000 522" preserveAspectRatio="xMaxYMin slice">
<path d="M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
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11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
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-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
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151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z">
,s),t=δ(r)δ(s)δ(t)(2.3) 格林函数(Green Function)作为辐射传输方程RTE的一个基础解，所有其他的解都可以由它通过对实际光源函数做卷积来推导出来。**而且理论上，这个方法的数值解仍然只有在简单的均匀介质中才能求得。**Kim和Keller等(2003)提出了一种求解格林函数的方法，它基于平面波的对称性质可以得到漫射方程或辐射传输方程的解析解。M．Paterson等通过采用时域漫射方程，推导出在狄拉克
δ
\delta
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.69444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03785em;">δ</span></span></span></span></span>脉冲光源作用下，半无限组织边界上的时间分辨透射光和反射光的分布，其结果与实验数据以及Monte Carlo仿真结果都吻合的较好。与RTE相同，漫射方程DE的数值解也只有在简单的均匀介质情况下才存在，对于实际成像时涉及的复杂的几何形状及非均匀的介质中，数值方法是比较有效的求解手段</strong>。目前比较常用的用来解决此类问题的数值方法有两种：有限元法(FEM，Finite ElementMethod)和有限差分法(FDM，Finite Difference Method)<a href="http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=e11610a275424a2af42686300bde3245&site=xueshu_se&hitarticle=1">[8]</a>。<strong>有限元法的基本思想是把计算域分为有限个互不重叠的元素单元，在每个单元中，通过插值法将微分积分方程中的变量改写成由这个单元中所选取的差值函数构成的线性表达式，然后求解得到每个单元中的近似解，整个计算域中的解就可以由所有单元的近似解来构成。 在求解RTE和DE的过程中，与FDM相比，FEM能够处理更加复杂的几何形状和边界条件，处理能力更强</strong>，因此自从S．R．Aridge和M．Scheseiger等于1995首先提出将FEM用于漫射方程的求解后，越来越多的人开始应用FEM来进行漫射方程的求解。</p>
2.4DOT的逆向问题理论模型
在DOT中求解正问题的最终目的还是用来求解逆问题，所以如何通过正问题模型得到的理论值与实验得到的测量值相结合来求逆问题，也是DOT中一个重要的方面。DOT的逆问题实际上就是一个图像的重构问题，也就是说如何通过利用实验中得到的介质上下表面的后向散射和前向散射图样来得到介质的光学参数如吸收系数、散射系数、散射各向异性系数等的分布。
前面说过，DOT逆问题的实质就是一种研究式
Φ
=
f
(
μ
)
\Phi=f(\mu)
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>中由<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
→
μ
\Phi\rightarrow\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>反向映射关系的理论。首先为了保证<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
→
μ
\Phi\rightarrow\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>在数学上是可能的，必须保证<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
=
f
(
μ
)
\Phi=f(\mu)
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>是一个超定或恰定方程，也就是说<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
→
μ
\Phi\rightarrow\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>是一个一一对应的关系，每个<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>都对应着一个<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>，对于不同的<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>，其<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>值肯定也不同，不存在多个<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>对应一个<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>值的情况(欠定的)。<strong>这种一一对应的关系在实验上就是要求在测量时要设置足够多的探测器位置以及足够多的入射点位置，从而增加向量<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
\Phi
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span></span></span></span></span>的维度。</strong><br> 在实际求解DOT逆问题的过程中，想通过直接求解方程<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
=
f
(
μ
)
\Phi=f(\mu)
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>来得到<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
→
μ
\Phi\rightarrow\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>映射关系的做法是不现实的，因为它的计算过于复杂，计算规模过大，且只有在少数特殊情况下才能得到数值解，因此我们在实际处理DOT的逆问题时，是把它当做一个优化问题来对待，最后得到的结果是一个方程的最优解，这个最优解并不是方程<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
=
f
(
μ
)
\Phi=f(\mu)
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>精确的数值解，但是它的误差最小，因此可以把它认为是这种情况下最好的解。<br> 记<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
t
h
e
o
\Phi_{theo}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>为正问题模型得到的理论值，<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Φ
e
x
\Phi_{ex}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>为实验时测得的实际探测值，<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
E
(
Φ
t
h
e
o
,
Φ
e
x
)
E(\Phi_{theo},\Phi_{ex})
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>是反映两者之间差别的误差函数，通常可以取为:<span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
E
(
Φ
t
h
e
o
,
Φ
e
x
)
=
1
2
∥
Φ
t
h
e
o
−
Φ
e
x
∥
2
(2.4)
E(\Phi_{theo},\Phi_{ex})=\frac{1}{2}\|\Phi_{theo}-\Phi_{ex}\|^2 \tag{2.4}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.00744em; vertical-align: -0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.32144em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.686em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.11411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.864108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.00744em; vertical-align: -0.686em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 其中，<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
∥
⋅
∥
\|\cdot\|
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⋅</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">∥</span></span></span></span></span>称为内积函数，如向量<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
x
=
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
⋯
,
x
m
)
T
x=(x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_m)^T
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.09133em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.301108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.841331em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，则<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
∥
x
∥
=
(
∑
i
=
1
m
x
i
⋅
x
i
∗
)
1
/
2
\|x\|=(\sum_{i=1}^m x_i\cdot x_i^*)^{1/2}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.104em; vertical-align: -0.29971em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position: relative; top: -5e-06em;">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.804292em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.40029em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.2029em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.29971em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⋅</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.14666em; vertical-align: -0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.688696em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.44134em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.258664em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.888em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mord mtight">/</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，其中<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
x
i
∗
x_i^*
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.94736em; vertical-align: -0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.688696em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.44134em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.258664em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>。为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
x
i
x_i
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.58056em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>的共轭复数。<br> 因此DOT的逆问题可以转变求误差函数极小值的优化问题： <span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
{
min
μ
∈
R
E
(
Φ
t
h
e
o
,
Φ
e
x
)
Φ
=
f
(
μ
)
(2.5)
\left\{ <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display"><span class="MathJax MathJax_FullWidth" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="0" style="position: relative;" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"><mtr><mtd><munder><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"><mo form="prefix">min</mo></mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>&#x03BC;</mi><mo>&#x2208;</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></munder><mo>&#x2061;</mo><mtext>&#xA0;</mtext><mi>E</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A6;</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A6;</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A6;</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>&#x03BC;</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable></math>" role="presentation"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 8.052em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 102%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.122em, 1007.81em, 5.478em, -1000em); top: -4.05em; left: 0em; width: 100%;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.122em, 1007.81em, 5.478em, -1000em); top: -4.05em; left: 50%; margin-left: -3.95em;"><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.734em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.121em, 1007.64em, 5.427em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.734em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.097em, 1007.64em, 5.053em, -1000em); top: -4.975em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-4"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.097em, 1007.64em, 5.053em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -3.867em;"><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-6"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.667em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.178em, 1001.65em, 4.151em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-7"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-8"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.667em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.178em, 1001.65em, 4.151em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">min</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.364em, 1001.43em, 4.404em, -1000em); top: -3.35em; left: 0.116em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-10"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-11"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.435em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.364em, 1001.43em, 4.304em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">μ</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">∈</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">R</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-15"></span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-16" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.167em;"> </span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-17" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">E<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.026em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-19"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.132em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.164em, 1000.67em, 4.151em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">Φ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.722em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-21"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-22"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.335em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.357em, 1001.33em, 4.159em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">t</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">h</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">e</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">o</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">,</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.531em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.164em, 1000.67em, 4.151em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">Φ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.722em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-30"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-31"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.734em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.535em, 1000.7em, 4.159em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">e</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">x</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.097em, 1003.89em, 4.401em, -1000em); top: -2.973em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-35"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-36"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.097em, 1003.89em, 4.401em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.994em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">Φ</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;">f<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.06em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">μ</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">)</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 4.05em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 4.05em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.353em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 3.217em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"><mtr><mtd><munder><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"><mo form="prefix">min</mo></mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>μ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></munder><mo></mo><mtext> </mtext><mi>E</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>μ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></span></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-1">\begin{aligned} \mathop {\min }\limits_{\mu\in R}\ E(\Phi_{theo},\Phi_{ex})\\ \Phi=f(\mu) \end{aligned}</script> \right.\tag{2.5}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 3.60004em; vertical-align: -1.55002em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 2.05002em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.49999em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span class="">⎩</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.15001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span class="">⎨</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -4.30002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span class="">⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.55002em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 2.01022em;"><span class="" style="top: -4.17022em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.66786em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.05567em; margin-left: 0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">μ</span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.00773em;">R</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class=""><span class="mop"><span class="mop">min</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.880439em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mspace"> </span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -2.14978em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.51022em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height: 3.60004em; vertical-align: -1.55002em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">5</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 其中，<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
≥
0
\mu≥0
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83041em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>表示<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
j
≥
0
,
(
j
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
N
)
\mathop{\mu_j≥0,(j=1,2,\cdots,N)}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.03611em; vertical-align: -0.286108em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight" style="margin-right: 0.05724em;">j</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.286108em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05724em;">j</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span>，是组织中的待重构的光学参数向量。以一定的算法来求解优化问题2.5，找到某个解<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
b
e
s
t
\mu^{best}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.04355em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.849108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，使得<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
E
(
Φ
t
h
e
o
,
Φ
e
x
)
E(\Phi_{theo},\Phi_{ex})
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>在这个解下能够得到极小值，<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
b
e
s
t
\mu^{best}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.04355em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.849108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>就可以被认定为是所求的最优解。具体做法是根据已有的数据给定<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>的一个初始值<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
0
\mu^0
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.00855em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，然后从此初始值出发给其一个扰动<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
Δ
μ
\Delta\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.87777em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>，变为<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
0
+
Δ
μ
\mu^0+\Delta\mu
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.00855em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.87777em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span></span></span></span></span>，开始寻优，当找到一个最优解<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
μ
b
e
s
t
=
μ
0
+
Δ
μ
b
e
s
t
\mu^{best}=\mu^0+\Delta\mu^{best}
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.04355em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.849108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.00855em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.04355em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.849108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">b</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>使得误差函数 <span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml">
E
(
Φ
t
h
e
o
,
Φ
e
x
)
E(\Phi_{theo},\Phi_{ex})
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.336108em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.166667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">Φ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">e</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>最小，就可以重构出组织的光学参数分布图像了。</p>
3.总结
漫射光层析成像是一种研究光在生物组织中传输的技术。与其他的成像技术相比，以可见光或近红外光为探测光的DOT技术凭借其无损、安全、不受电磁干扰、成本低廉等优良的性能，在实际的临床诊断和治疗中有着巨大的应用前景。例如，CT利用X射线来进行成像，而X射线对人体是有害的。核磁共振(MRI)成像不仅设备昂贵，而且容易受到外界电磁干扰，需要进行电磁屏蔽，对环境要求高。正电子发射断层成像(PET)也对人体有一定程度的损害。
目前DOT已经被应用在许多临床诊断上，例如前文提到的新生儿脑部血氧饱和度测量，乳腺癌的检测，肿瘤的成像以及大脑皮质的功能成像等。随着人们生活水平和保健意识的进一步提高，以及这种技术的进一步发展和成熟，DOT的优点必将更加突出。
郭则飞. 蒙特卡洛仿真在漫射光层析成像中的应用[D].
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