非对称加密解密牛刀小试

RSA

这种算法1978年就出现了，它是第一个既能用于数据加密也能用于数字签名的算法。它易于理解和操作，也很流行。算法的名字以发明者的名字命名：Ron Rivest, AdiShamir 和Leonard Adleman。
这种加密算法的特点主要是密钥的变化，上文我们看到DES只有一个密钥。相当于只有一把钥匙，如果这把钥匙丢了，数据也就不安全了。RSA同时有两把钥匙，公钥与私钥。同时支持数字签名。数字签名的意义在于，对传输过来的数据进行校验。确保数据在传输工程中不被修改。

流程分析：

1. 甲方构建密钥对儿，将公钥公布给乙方，将私钥保留。
2. 甲方使用私钥加密数据，然后用私钥对加密后的数据签名，发送给乙方签名以及加密后的数据；乙方使用公钥、签名来验证待解密数据是否有效，如果有效使用公钥对数据解密。
3. 乙方使用公钥加密数据，向甲方发送经过加密后的数据；甲方获得加密数据，通过私钥解密。

通过java代码实现如下：

Coder类

public class Coder {     
    public static final String KEY_SHA = "SHA";     
    public static final String KEY_MD5 = "MD5";     
    
    /**   
     * BASE64解密   
     *    
     * @param key   
     * @return   
     * @throws Exception   
     */    
    public static byte[] decryptBASE64(String key) throws Exception {     
        return (new BASE64Decoder()).decodeBuffer(key);     
    }     
    
    /**   
     * BASE64加密   
     *    
     * @param key   
     * @return   
     * @throws Exception   
     */    
    public static String encryptBASE64(byte[] key) throws Exception {     
        return (new BASE64Encoder()).encodeBuffer(key);     
    }     
    
    /**   
     * MD5加密   
     *    
     * @param data   
     * @return   
     * @throws Exception   
     */    
    public static byte[] encryptMD5(byte[] data) throws Exception {     
    
        MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance(KEY_MD5);     
        md5.update(data);     
    
        return md5.digest();     
    
    }     
    
    /**   
     * SHA加密   
     *    
     * @param data   
     * @return   
     * @throws Exception   
     */    
    public static byte[] encryptSHA(byte[] data) throws Exception {     
    
        MessageDigest sha = MessageDigest.getInstance(KEY_SHA);     
        sha.update(data);     
    
        return sha.digest();     
    
    }  

关键生成秘钥私钥类

public abstract class RSACoder extends Coder {  
    public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";  
    public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";  
  
    private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";  
    private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";  
  
    /** 
     * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名 
     *  
     * @param data 
     *            加密数据 
     * @param privateKey 
     *            私钥 
     *  
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception {  
        // 解密由base64编码的私钥  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey);  
  
        // 构造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec对象  
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
  
        // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
  
        // 取私钥匙对象  
        PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);  
  
        // 用私钥对信息生成数字签名  
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);  
        signature.initSign(priKey);  
        signature.update(data);  
  
        return encryptBASE64(signature.sign());  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 校验数字签名 
     *  
     * @param data 
     *            加密数据 
     * @param publicKey 
     *            公钥 
     * @param sign 
     *            数字签名 
     *  
     * @return 校验成功返回true 失败返回false 
     * @throws Exception 
     *  
     */  
    public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign)  
            throws Exception {  
  
        // 解密由base64编码的公钥  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey);  
  
        // 构造X509EncodedKeySpec对象  
        X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
  
        // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
  
        // 取公钥匙对象  
        PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);  
  
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);  
        signature.initVerify(pubKey);  
        signature.update(data);  
  
        // 验证签名是否正常  
        return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign));  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 解密<br> 
     * 用私钥解密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对密钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  
  
        // 取得私钥  
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);  
  
        // 对数据解密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);  
  
        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 解密<br> 
     * 用公钥解密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对密钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  
  
        // 取得公钥  
        X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);  
  
        // 对数据解密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);  
  
        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 加密<br> 
     * 用公钥加密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对公钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  
  
        // 取得公钥  
        X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);  
  
        // 对数据加密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);  
  
        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 加密<br> 
     * 用私钥加密 
     *  
     * @param data 
     * @param key 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)  
            throws Exception {  
        // 对密钥解密  
        byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);  
  
        // 取得私钥  
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);  
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);  
  
        // 对数据加密  
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());  
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);  
  
        return cipher.doFinal(data);  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 取得私钥 
     *  
     * @param keyMap 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)  
            throws Exception {  
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);  
  
        return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 取得公钥 
     *  
     * @param keyMap 
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)  
            throws Exception {  
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);  
  
        return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());  
    }  
  
    /** 
     * 初始化密钥 
     *  
     * @return 
     * @throws Exception 
     */  
    public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {  
        KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator  
                .getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);  
        keyPairGen.initialize(1024);  
  
        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();  
  
        // 公钥  
        RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();  
  
        // 私钥  
        RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();  
  
        Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);  
  
        keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);  
        keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);  
        return keyMap;  
    }  
}  

再来一个测试类

public class RSACoderTest {  
    private String publicKey;  
    private String privateKey;  
  
    @Before  
    public void setUp() throws Exception {  
        Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSACoder.initKey();  
  
        publicKey = RSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap);  
        privateKey = RSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap);  
        System.err.println("公钥: \n\r" + publicKey);  
        System.err.println("私钥： \n\r" + privateKey);  
    }  
  
    @Test  
    public void test() throws Exception {  
        System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密");  
        String inputStr = "abc";  
        byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();  
  
        byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, publicKey);  
  
        byte[] decodedData = RSACoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encodedData,  
                privateKey);  
  
        String outputStr = new String(decodedData);  
        System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);  
        assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);  
  
    }  
  
    @Test  
    public void testSign() throws Exception {  
        System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密");  
        String inputStr = "sign";  
        byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();  
  
        byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, privateKey);  
  
        byte[] decodedData = RSACoder  
                .decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, publicKey);  
  
        String outputStr = new String(decodedData);  
        System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);  
        assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);  
  
        System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名");  
        // 产生签名  
        String sign = RSACoder.sign(encodedData, privateKey);  
        System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign);  
  
        // 验证签名  
        boolean status = RSACoder.verify(encodedData, publicKey, sign);  
        System.err.println("状态:\r" + status);  
        assertTrue(status);  
  
    }  
  
}  

简要总结一下，使用公钥加密、私钥解密，完成了乙方到甲方的一次数据传递，通过私钥加密、公钥解密，同时通过私钥签名、公钥验证签名，完成了一次甲方到乙方的数据传递与验证，两次数据传递完成一整套的数据交互！