Python3.5.2学习之旅---IO

简单介绍三种IO类型：
16.2.1.1. Text I/O
Text I/O expects and produces str objects. This means that whenever the backing store is natively made of bytes (such as in the case of a file), encoding and decoding of data is made transparently as well as optional translation of platform-specific newline characters.

The easiest way to create a text stream is with open(), optionally specifying an encoding:

f = open("myfile.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")

In-memory text streams are also available as StringIO objects:

f = io.StringIO("some initial text data")

The text stream API is described in detail in the documentation of TextIOBase.

16.2.1.2. Binary I/O
Binary I/O (also called buffered I/O) expects and produces bytes objects. No encoding, decoding, or newline translation is performed. This category of streams can be used for all kinds of non-text data, and also when manual control over the handling of text data is desired.

The easiest way to create a binary stream is with open() with ‘b’ in the mode string:

f = open("myfile.jpg", "rb")

In-memory binary streams are also available as BytesIO objects:

f = io.BytesIO(b"some initial binary data: \x00\x01")

The binary stream API is described in detail in the docs of BufferedIOBase.

Other library modules may provide additional ways to create text or binary streams. See socket.socket.makefile() for example.

16.2.1.3. Raw I/O
Raw I/O (also called unbuffered I/O) is generally used as a low-level building-block for binary and text streams; it is rarely useful to directly manipulate a raw stream from user code. Nevertheless, you can create a raw stream by opening a file in binary mode with buffering disabled:

f = open("myfile.jpg", "rb", buffering=0)

The raw stream API is described in detail in the docs of RawIOBase.

继承关系：
都继承自 IOBase

类详解：

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- IOBase provides these data attributes and methods:

---

close()
Flush and close this stream. This method has no effect if the file is already closed. Once the file is closed, any operation on the file (e.g. reading or writing) will raise a ValueError.

As a convenience, it is allowed to call this method more than once; only the first call, however, will have an effect.

closed
True if the stream is closed.

fileno()
Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer) of the stream if it exists. An OSError is raised if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.

flush()
Flush the write buffers of the stream if applicable. This does nothing for read-only and non-blocking streams.

isatty()
Return True if the stream is interactive (i.e., connected to a terminal/tty device).

readable()
Return True if the stream can be read from. If False, read() will raise OSError.

readline(size=-1)
Read and return one line from the stream. If size is specified, at most size bytes will be read.

The line terminator is always b’\n’ for binary files; for text files, the newline argument to open() can be used to select the line terminator(s) recognized.

readlines(hint=-1)
Read and return a list of lines from the stream. hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all lines so far exceeds hint.

Note that it’s already possible to iterate on file objects using for line in file: … without calling file.readlines().

seek(offset[, whence])
Change the stream position to the given byte offset. offset is interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence. The default value for whence is SEEK_SET. Values for whence are:

SEEK_SET or 0 – start of the stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
SEEK_CUR or 1 – current stream position; offset may be negative
SEEK_END or 2 – end of the stream; offset is usually negative
Return the new absolute position.

New in version 3.1: The SEEK_* constants.

New in version 3.3: Some operating systems could support additional values, like os.SEEK_HOLE or os.SEEK_DATA. The valid values for a file could depend on it being open in text or binary mode.

seekable()
Return True if the stream supports random access. If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise OSError.

tell()
Return the current stream position.

truncate(size=None)
Resize the stream to the given size in bytes (or the current position if size is not specified). The current stream position isn’t changed. This resizing can extend or reduce the current file size. In case of extension, the contents of the new file area depend on the platform (on most systems, additional bytes are zero-filled). The new file size is returned.

Changed in version 3.5: Windows will now zero-fill files when extending.

writable()
Return True if the stream supports writing. If False, write() and truncate() will raise OSError.

writelines(lines)
Write a list of lines to the stream. Line separators are not added, so it is usual for each of the lines provided to have a line separator at the end.

_del_()
Prepare for object destruction. IOBase provides a default implementation of this method that calls the instance’s close() method.

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• In addition to the attributes and methods from IOBase, RawIOBase
  provides the following methods:

---

read(size=-1)
Read up to size bytes from the object and return them. As a convenience, if size is unspecified or -1, readall() is called. Otherwise, only one system call is ever made. Fewer than size bytes may be returned if the operating system call returns fewer than size bytes.

If 0 bytes are returned, and size was not 0, this indicates end of file. If the object is in non-blocking mode and no bytes are available, None is returned.

readall()
Read and return all the bytes from the stream until EOF, using multiple calls to the stream if necessary.

readinto(b)
Read up to len(b) bytes into bytearray b and return the number of bytes read. If the object is in non-blocking mode and no bytes are available, None is returned.

write(b)
Write the given bytes or bytearray object, b, to the underlying raw stream and return the number of bytes written. This can be less than len(b), depending on specifics of the underlying raw stream, and especially if it is in non-blocking mode. None is returned if the raw stream is set not to block and no single byte could be readily written to it.

==================================

• BufferedIOBase provides or overrides these methods and attribute in
  addition to those from IOBase:

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raw
The underlying raw stream (a RawIOBase instance) that BufferedIOBase deals with. This is not part of the BufferedIOBase API and may not exist on some implementations.

detach()
Separate the underlying raw stream from the buffer and return it.

After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable state.

Some buffers, like BytesIO, do not have the concept of a single raw stream to return from this method. They raise UnsupportedOperation.

New in version 3.1.

read(size=-1)
Read and return up to size bytes. If the argument is omitted, None, or negative, data is read and returned until EOF is reached. An empty bytes object is returned if the stream is already at EOF.

If the argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is not interactive, multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy the byte count (unless EOF is reached first). But for interactive raw streams, at most one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not imply that EOF is imminent.

A BlockingIOError is raised if the underlying raw stream is in non blocking-mode, and has no data available at the moment.

read1(size=-1)
Read and return up to size bytes, with at most one call to the underlying raw stream’s read() (or readinto()) method. This can be useful if you are implementing your own buffering on top of a BufferedIOBase object.

readinto(b)
Read up to len(b) bytes into bytearray b and return the number of bytes read.

Like read(), multiple reads may be issued to the underlying raw stream, unless the latter is interactive.

A BlockingIOError is raised if the underlying raw stream is in non blocking-mode, and has no data available at the moment.

readinto1(b)
Read up to len(b) bytes into bytearray b, using at most one call to the underlying raw stream’s read() (or readinto()) method. Return the number of bytes read.

A BlockingIOError is raised if the underlying raw stream is in non blocking-mode, and has no data available at the moment.

New in version 3.5.

write(b)
Write the given bytes or bytearray object, b and return the number of bytes written (never less than len(b), since if the write fails an OSError will be raised). Depending on the actual implementation, these bytes may be readily written to the underlying stream, or held in a buffer for performance and latency reasons.

When in non-blocking mode, a BlockingIOError is raised if the data needed to be written to the raw stream but it couldn’t accept all the data without blocking.