简单的Python爬虫模板

简单的Python爬虫模板

记录一个Python爬虫模板，可以通过调用函数返回的XPath解析对象直接对网页进行解析和提取相关内容。

import time
import requests
from lxml import etree
import random
import ssl

def parse_page(url,try_times=5,**kwarg):
    '''
    返回url的相应xpaths解析对象
    进行5次请求尝试，每次请求之间间隔3-10秒
    '''
    try_times_count = try_times
    while try_times_count>0:
        try:
            response=requests.get(url,**kwarg)
            response.raise_for_status()
            selector=etree.HTML(response.text)
        except (requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout, requests.exceptions.ConnectionError, ssl.SSLError,
                    requests.exceptions.HTTPError, requests.exceptions.InvalidSchema,
                    requests.exceptions.MissingSchema):
            try_times_count -= 1
            time.sleep(random.randint(3,10))
        else:
            break
    else:
        return None
    return selector

该函数可以通过如下语句调用：

#设置超时信息以及User-Agent信息
parse_page(url,timeout=10,headers={'User-Agent': random.choice(user_agent_list)})

其中，user_agent_list可以从网上找常用的UA列表，例如：

user_agent_list = [
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
    "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
]

或者可以利用Python的库fake_useragent来随机生成：

from fake_useragent import UserAgent

parse_page(url,timeout=10,headers={'User-Agent': UserAgnet().random})

对于parse_page返回的对象可以通过xpaths进行解析：

html = parse_page(r"https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2019-12491/",timeout=10,headers={'User-Agent': random.choice(user_agent_list)})
cont = html.xpath("//table[@id='vulnprodstable']/tr")

在chrom浏览器中xpaths可以很容易获取到，将鼠标移动到想要提取的网页内容处，点击右键，选择“检查”，会定位到对应的网页源码，在相应源码上面点击右键，选择“copy”，再选择“copy xpath”或者“copy full xpath”就行了。

参考：https://www.jianshu.com/p/a8a2305c0001
对于xpath的语法，参考https://www.runoob.com/xpath/xpath-syntax.html

====================================================
在parse_page函数中的selector = etree.HTML(response.text)可能出现如下错误：

ValueError: Unicode strings with encoding declaration are not supported. Please use bytes input or XML fragments without declaration.

修改方法：

selector = etree.HTML(response.text)

改为

selector = etree.HTML(response.text.encode('utf-8'))