1 概念
使多个对象都有机会处理请求,从而避免了请求的发送者和接受者之间的耦合关系。将这些对象连成一条链,并沿着这条链传递该请求,直到有对象处理它为止。
2 概念说明
责任链模式的重点是在“链”上,将接收者对象连成一条链,并在该链上传递请求,直到有一个接收者对象处理它。通过让更多对象有机会处理请求,避免了请求发送者和接收者之间的耦合。
责任链模式通用类图:
3 应用场景
- 有多个对象可以处理同一个请求,具体哪个对象处理该请求待运行时刻再确定。
- 在不明确指定接受者的情况下,向多个对象中的一个提交一个请求。
- 可动态指定一组对象处理请求,客户端可以动态创建职责链来处理请求。
4 模式优缺点
4.1 责任链模式的优点
请求和处理分开,屏蔽处理细节,两者解耦,提高系统的灵活性。
4.2 责任链模式的缺点
有是性能问题,需要每个请求都是从链头遍历到链尾;调试不很方便,特别是链条比较长,环节比较多的时候,由于采用了类似递归的方式,调试的时候逻辑可能比较复杂。
4.3 注意事项
链中节点数量需要控制,避免出现超长链的情况,一般的做法是在Handler中设置一个最大节点数量,在setNext方法中判断是否已经是超过其阈值,超过则不允许该链建立,避免无意识地破坏系统性能。
5 参考例子
责任链在Spring中的应用:
核心类HandlerExecutionChain类中的方法:
protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
boolean multipartRequestParsed = false;
WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);
try {
ModelAndView mv = null;
Exception dispatchException = null;
try {
processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);
multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request);
// 获取该请求的handler,每个handler实为HandlerExecutionChain,它为一个处理链,负责处理整个请求
mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);
if (mappedHandler == null || mappedHandler.getHandler() == null) {
noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);
return;
}
HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());
String method = request.getMethod();
boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method);
if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) {
long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler());
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Last-Modified value for [" + getRequestUri(request) + "] is: " + lastModified);
}
if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) {
return;
}
}
// 责任链执行预处理方法,实则是将请求交给注册的请求拦截器执行
if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
return;
}
// 实际的执行逻辑的部分,也就是你加了@RequestMapping注解的方法
mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());
if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
return;
}
applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv);
// 责任链执行后处理方法,实则是将请求交给注册的请求拦截器执行
mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
dispatchException = ex;
}
catch (Throwable err) {
dispatchException = new NestedServletException("Handler dispatch failed", err);
}
// 处理返回的结果,触发责任链上注册的拦截器的AfterCompletion方法,其中也用到了HandlerExecutionChain注册的handler来处理错误结果
processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
// 触发责任链上注册的拦截器的AfterCompletion方法
triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex);
}
catch (Throwable err) {
triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler,
new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed", err));
}
finally {
if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
if (mappedHandler != null) {
mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response);
}
}
else {
if (multipartRequestParsed) {
cleanupMultipart(processedRequest);
}
}
}
}
boolean applyPreHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors = getInterceptors();
if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(interceptors)) {
for (int i = 0; i < interceptors.length; i++) {
HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[i];
if (!interceptor.preHandle(request, response, this.handler)) {
triggerAfterCompletion(request, response, null);
return false;
}
this.interceptorIndex = i;
}
}
return true;
}
void applyPostHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, ModelAndView mv) throws Exception {
HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors = getInterceptors();
if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(interceptors)) {
for (int i = interceptors.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[i];
interceptor.postHandle(request, response, this.handler, mv);
}
}
}
void triggerAfterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Exception ex)
throws Exception {
HandlerInterceptor[] interceptors = getInterceptors();
if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(interceptors)) {
for (int i = this.interceptorIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
HandlerInterceptor interceptor = interceptors[i];
try {
interceptor.afterCompletion(request, response, this.handler, ex);
}
catch (Throwable ex2) {
logger.error("HandlerInterceptor.afterCompletion threw exception", ex2);
}
}
}
}