D3D11创建窗口

转自

https://code.msdn.microsoft.com/windowsdesktop/Direct3D-Tutorial-Win32-829979ef

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// File: Tutorial01.cpp
//
// This application demonstrates creating a Direct3D 11 device
//
// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/ff729718.aspx
//
// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <windows.h>
#include <d3d11_1.h>
#include <directxcolors.h>
#include "resource.h"

using namespace DirectX;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Global Variables
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HINSTANCE               g_hInst = nullptr;
HWND                    g_hWnd = nullptr;
D3D_DRIVER_TYPE         g_driverType = D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_NULL;// 未知驱动类型
D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL       g_featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;
ID3D11Device*           g_pd3dDevice = nullptr;
ID3D11Device1*          g_pd3dDevice1 = nullptr;
ID3D11DeviceContext*    g_pImmediateContext = nullptr;// D3D11设备上下文(D3D11新引入)
ID3D11DeviceContext1*   g_pImmediateContext1 = nullptr;// 如果不是DirectX 11.1及之后的版本就不会用到这个设备上下文
IDXGISwapChain*         g_pSwapChain = nullptr;//交换链
IDXGISwapChain1*        g_pSwapChain1 = nullptr;// IDXGISwapChain1(继承于IDXGISwapChain): Provides presentation capabilities that are enhanced from IDXGISwapChain. These presentation capabilities consist of specifying dirty rectangles and scroll rectangle to optimize the presentation
ID3D11RenderTargetView* g_pRenderTargetView = nullptr;


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Forward declarations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT InitWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow );
HRESULT InitDevice();
void CleanupDevice();
LRESULT CALLBACK    WndProc( HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM );
void Render();


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Entry point to the program. Initializes everything and goes into a message processing 
// loop. Idle time is used to render the scene(所以不使用GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0)来作为循环条件).
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int WINAPI wWinMain( _In_ HINSTANCE hInstance, _In_opt_ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, _In_ LPWSTR lpCmdLine, _In_ int nCmdShow )
{
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER( hPrevInstance );// 告诉编译器不必检测该变量是否使用
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER( lpCmdLine );

    if( FAILED( InitWindow( hInstance, nCmdShow ) ) )
        return 0;

    if( FAILED( InitDevice() ) )
    {
        CleanupDevice();
        return 0;
    }

    // Main message loop
    MSG msg = {0};
    while( WM_QUIT != msg.message )
    {
        if( PeekMessage( &msg, nullptr, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE ) )// 不使用GetMessage因为它在不接受消息的时候停止循环
        {
            TranslateMessage( &msg );
            DispatchMessage( &msg );
        }
        else
        {
            Render();
        }
    }

    CleanupDevice();

    return ( int )msg.wParam;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Register class and create window
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT InitWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow )
{
    // Register class
    WNDCLASSEX wcex;
    wcex.cbSize = sizeof( WNDCLASSEX );
    wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;
    wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;
    wcex.hInstance = hInstance;
    wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon( hInstance, ( LPCTSTR )IDI_TUTORIAL1 );
    wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor( nullptr, IDC_ARROW );
    wcex.hbrBackground = ( HBRUSH )( COLOR_WINDOW + 1 );
    wcex.lpszMenuName = nullptr;
    wcex.lpszClassName = L"TutorialWindowClass";
    wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon( wcex.hInstance, ( LPCTSTR )IDI_TUTORIAL1 );
    if( !RegisterClassEx( &wcex ) )
        return E_FAIL;

    // Create window
    g_hInst = hInstance;
    RECT rc = { 0, 0, 800, 600 };
    AdjustWindowRect( &rc, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE );
    g_hWnd = CreateWindow( L"TutorialWindowClass", L"Direct3D 11 Tutorial 1: Direct3D 11 Basics",
                           WS_OVERLAPPED | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_MAXIMIZE,
                           CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, rc.right - rc.left, rc.bottom - rc.top, nullptr, nullptr, hInstance,
                           nullptr );
    if( !g_hWnd )
        return E_FAIL;

    ShowWindow( g_hWnd, nCmdShow );

    return S_OK;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Called every time the application receives a message
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;
    HDC hdc;

    switch( message )
    {
    case WM_PAINT:
        hdc = BeginPaint( hWnd, &ps );
        EndPaint( hWnd, &ps );
        break;

    case WM_DESTROY:
        PostQuitMessage( 0 );
        break;

        // Note that this tutorial does not handle resizing (WM_SIZE) requests,
        // so we created the window without the resize border.

    default:
        return DefWindowProc( hWnd, message, wParam, lParam );
    }

    return 0;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create Direct3D device and swap chain
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT InitDevice()
{
    HRESULT hr = S_OK;

    RECT rc;
    GetClientRect( g_hWnd, &rc );
    UINT width = rc.right - rc.left;
    UINT height = rc.bottom - rc.top;

    UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
#ifdef _DEBUG
    createDeviceFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
#endif

    D3D_DRIVER_TYPE driverTypes[] =
    {
        D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,// 硬件驱动，硬件支持所有Direct3D功能
        D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_WARP,// WARP驱动，这个是一个高性能的软件光栅。这个软件光栅支持9_1到10.1的功能级别
        D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_REFERENCE,// 参考类型驱动，通过软件来支持所有的Direct3D功能
    };
    UINT numDriverTypes = ARRAYSIZE( driverTypes );

    // D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL用来表示D3D的驱动类型，数组必须从高级向低级排序，以便下面的循环的逐个检测
	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] =
    {
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1,
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
    };
	UINT numFeatureLevels = ARRAYSIZE( featureLevels );

	//通过循环逐个检测驱动类型，从高级到低级直到匹配上
    for( UINT driverTypeIndex = 0; driverTypeIndex < numDriverTypes; driverTypeIndex++ )
    {
        g_driverType = driverTypes[driverTypeIndex];
        hr = D3D11CreateDevice( nullptr, g_driverType, nullptr, createDeviceFlags, featureLevels, numFeatureLevels,
                                D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &g_pd3dDevice, &g_featureLevel, &g_pImmediateContext );

        if ( hr == E_INVALIDARG )
        {
            // DirectX 11.0 platforms will not recognize D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1 so we need to retry without it
            // DirectX 11.0平台不能识别D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1所以我们需要去掉这个成员重试(&featureLevels[1]可见是从第二个元素开始的)
			hr = D3D11CreateDevice( nullptr, g_driverType, nullptr, createDeviceFlags, &featureLevels[1], numFeatureLevels - 1,
                                    D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &g_pd3dDevice, &g_featureLevel, &g_pImmediateContext );
        }

        if( SUCCEEDED( hr ) )
            break;
    }
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

    // Obtain DXGI factory from device (since we used nullptr for pAdapter above)
	// 从设备那里获取DXGI工厂(因为D3D11CreateDevice中的第三个参数pAdapter我们设置成了nullptr)
    IDXGIFactory1* dxgiFactory = nullptr;// IDXGIFactory1接口工具继承于IDXGIFactory用于生成DXGI对象
    {
        IDXGIDevice* dxgiDevice = nullptr;
        hr = g_pd3dDevice->QueryInterface( __uuidof(IDXGIDevice), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&dxgiDevice) );
        if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
        {
            IDXGIAdapter* adapter = nullptr;
            hr = dxgiDevice->GetAdapter(&adapter);
            if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
            {
                hr = adapter->GetParent( __uuidof(IDXGIFactory1), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&dxgiFactory) );
                adapter->Release();
            }
            dxgiDevice->Release();
        }
    }
    if (FAILED(hr))
        return hr;

    // Create swap chain
    IDXGIFactory2* dxgiFactory2 = nullptr;// IDXGIFactory2继承于IDXGIFactory1, The IDXGIFactory2 interface includes methods to create a newer version swap chain with more features than IDXGISwapChain and to monitor stereoscopic 3D capabilities
    hr = dxgiFactory->QueryInterface( __uuidof(IDXGIFactory2), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&dxgiFactory2) );
    if ( dxgiFactory2 )
    {
        // DirectX 11.1 or later，我正是此类
        hr = g_pd3dDevice->QueryInterface( __uuidof(ID3D11Device1), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&g_pd3dDevice1) );
        if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
        {
            (void) g_pImmediateContext->QueryInterface( __uuidof(ID3D11DeviceContext1), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&g_pImmediateContext1) );
        }

        DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 sd;
        ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
        sd.Width = width;
        sd.Height = height;
        sd.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
        sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
        sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
        sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
        sd.BufferCount = 1;

        hr = dxgiFactory2->CreateSwapChainForHwnd( g_pd3dDevice, g_hWnd, &sd, nullptr, nullptr, &g_pSwapChain1 );
        if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
        {
            hr = g_pSwapChain1->QueryInterface( __uuidof(IDXGISwapChain), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&g_pSwapChain) );
        }

        dxgiFactory2->Release();
    }
    else
    {
        // DirectX 11.0 systems
        DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
        ZeroMemory(&sd, sizeof(sd));
        sd.BufferCount = 1;
        sd.BufferDesc.Width = width;
        sd.BufferDesc.Height = height;
        sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
        sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
        sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
        sd.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
        sd.OutputWindow = g_hWnd;
        sd.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
        sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
        sd.Windowed = TRUE;

        hr = dxgiFactory->CreateSwapChain( g_pd3dDevice, &sd, &g_pSwapChain );
    }

    // Note this tutorial doesn't handle full-screen swapchains so we block the ALT+ENTER shortcut
    // 此教程无需全屏，故此处屏蔽ALT+ENTER快捷键功能
	dxgiFactory->MakeWindowAssociation( g_hWnd, DXGI_MWA_NO_ALT_ENTER );

    dxgiFactory->Release();

    if (FAILED(hr))
        return hr;

    // Create a render target view
    ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer = nullptr;// ID3D11Texture2D用于管理结构化的纹理数据存储
    // GetBuffer: Accesses one of the swap-chain's back buffers
	hr = g_pSwapChain->GetBuffer( 0, __uuidof( ID3D11Texture2D ), reinterpret_cast<void**>( &pBackBuffer ) );
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

	// Creates a render-target view for accessing resource data
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateRenderTargetView( pBackBuffer, nullptr, &g_pRenderTargetView );
    pBackBuffer->Release();
    if( FAILED( hr ) )
        return hr;

	// OMSetRenderTargets: Bind one or more render targets atomically and the depth-stencil buffer to the output-merger stage
    g_pImmediateContext->OMSetRenderTargets( 1, &g_pRenderTargetView, nullptr );

    // Setup the viewport
    D3D11_VIEWPORT vp;// D3D11_VIEWPORT结构用于定义视口的尺寸
    vp.Width = (FLOAT)width;// 客户区的宽
    vp.Height = (FLOAT)height;
    vp.MinDepth = 0.0f;
    vp.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
    vp.TopLeftX = 0;
    vp.TopLeftY = 0;
    g_pImmediateContext->RSSetViewports( 1, &vp );

    return S_OK;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Render the frame
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Render()
{
    // Just clear the backbuffer
    g_pImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView( g_pRenderTargetView, Colors::MidnightBlue );
	g_pSwapChain->Present( 0, 0 );
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Clean up the objects we've created
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CleanupDevice()
{
    if( g_pImmediateContext ) g_pImmediateContext->ClearState();

    if( g_pRenderTargetView ) g_pRenderTargetView->Release();
    if( g_pSwapChain1 ) g_pSwapChain1->Release();
    if( g_pSwapChain ) g_pSwapChain->Release();
    if( g_pImmediateContext1 ) g_pImmediateContext1->Release();
    if( g_pImmediateContext ) g_pImmediateContext->Release();
    if( g_pd3dDevice1 ) g_pd3dDevice1->Release();
    if( g_pd3dDevice ) g_pd3dDevice->Release();
}