despite 和 in spite of 有什么区别?

1.论语气,despite 比in spite of 谨严,但意思没有分别,都可译做“虽然”或“不顾”,例如:“In spite of/Despite mounting public discontent , the government is determined to push the bill th rough. (虽然公众不满愈来愈强烈,政府还是执意要通过议案。)”

2.有时,我们会看到despite of mounting public discontent 之类说法,但despite 之后加of ,一般被视为鄙俗甚至不正确,不宜仿效。

3.In spite of 或despite 之后必须用名词或动名词(gerund ),不能接普通子句(clause ),例如不可说“Despite the public is getting increasingly dis contented ”只”。能不过说,“Despite the fact that the public is getting inc reasingly discontented

4.in spite of/despite the fact that 这句式虽然正确,却嫌累赘,最好用although 一字取代,例如:“Although the public is getting increasingly di scontented, the government is determined to push the bill through. ”

5.英文有in spite of/despite oneself 这说法,意思是“不由自主”或“不禁”,例如:“Her words were so satirical that I lost my tempe r in spite of myself. (她的话尖酸刻薄得令我忍不住发脾气。)”

6.留意spite 这个字单独使用时,往往解作“恶意”,和in spite of 不同,例如:“She did it out of spite. (她那样做是出于恶意的。)”

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Springer | 2008-06-19 | ISBN: 3540790284 | 340 pages http://www.amazon.com List Price: $139.00 三相电机矢量控制技术书籍类最新版-2008, 源自德国的英文版, 亚马逊:售价 139美元 * Covers electrical drive technology * Extended, English version of successful German textbook * Ideal for use in both industry and the university 非常适用于工业界和各高校教育 Vector Control of Three-Phase AC Machines: System Development in the Practice This monograph covers the area of vector control of three-phase AC machines, in particular induction motors with squirrel-cage rotor (IM), permanent excited synchronous motors (PMSM) and doubly-fed induction machines (DFIM), from the viewpoint of the practical design and development. Main focus is on the application of the IM and the PMSM in electrical drive systems, where the method of the field-orientated control has been successfully established in the practice, and on the use of the grid voltage orientated controlled DFIM in the wind power plants. After a summary of the basic structure of a field-oriented controlled three-phase AC drive as well as of a grid voltage orientated controlled wind power plant the inverter control by space vector modulation is extensively discussed with the help of many examples to illustrate the practical application. Based on the basic machine equations, the continuous and the discrete machine models of IM, PMSM and DFIM are derived and questions regarding feedback acquisition and the practical implementation of the field-oriented control are highlighted. The design of vectorial two-dimensional current controllers using the discrete models is then discussed in connection with other essential problems like control variable limitation. Several alternative controller configurations are introduced. Further emphasis is given to determining the machine parameters by calculation from name-plate data and automatic offline parameter identification. Questions of energy efficient operation are addressed, particularly relating to efficiency and torque optimal control strategies under consideration of state variable limitations. Control concepts are proposed for the electrical system of wind-power plants with DFIM, an application which has gained wide-spread importance in recent years. The presented control concept is proven practically and can be regarded as pioneering for new developments. Control applications for AC drives usually feature linear algorithms in spite of the machine itself being characterized by a non-linear process model. Nevertheless, the introduced control structures have led to a relatively mature stage of development in the practice. Control approaches which take into account system nonlinearities from the outset may however fare better in a number of circumstances. Starting from the structural nonlinearity of the machines, the suitable nonlinear models are derived, and in the process nonlinear controllers are designed on the basis of the method of the "exact linearization" which proves to be the most suitable in comparison with other methods like "backstepping-based" or "passivity-based" designs. While compiling this book, the authors had been dedicated to expose the problems as close as possible oriented on practical and implementation-related requirements. The theoretical background is detailed as much as needed to understand the subjects; numerous equations, figures, diagrams and appendices support the detailed description of the design processes.

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