论文笔记:A Review on the Application of Blockchain to the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0

一、基本信息

论文题目:《A Review on the Application of Blockchain to the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories》

发表时间:2019 IEEE Access

论文作者及单位:

 

二、摘要

工业4.0是一个旨在通过使用一些最新技术来改善现代工厂运作方式的概念,例如用于创建工业物联网(IIoT),机器人技术或大数据应用程序的技术。 其中一种技术是区块链,它能够为不同的工业领域增加信任度,安全性和分散性。 本文重点分析使用区块链和智能合约开发Industry 4.0应用程序时出现的好处和挑战。 此外,本文还对工业4.0技术中最相关的基于区块链的应用程序进行了全面回顾。 因此,其目的是为未来的工业4.0开发人员提供详细的指南,该指南可确定区块链如何增强下一代网络安全工业应用。

 

三、主要内容及工作

本文的重点是分析区块链应对当前行业情景所面临的一些最相关挑战的能力,包括:

•应用程序分散化。特别是对于具有中型和大型用户以及计算负载的工业4.0应用程序而言,这是理想的选择,因为它们依赖于昂贵的集中式服务器,这些服务器的部署和维护成本也很高[9],[10]。此外,许多工业公司都向中间商支付了外包这种集中式解决方案的费用。
•由于安全问题,更新Industry 4.0系统(如IIoT设备)或上传新软件/固件确实很普遍。在某些情况下,更新过程需要在遍布整个大型工厂的多种设备中执行手动任务。因此,有必要找到一种方法来减轻此类繁琐而低效的任务,并同时将软件更新同时分发给尽可能多的智能设备,同时保留完整性和安全性,以避免恶意固件更新。
•在大多数行业中,必须信任所收集数据的真实性以及与某些合作伙伴,服务提供商,制造商,供应商甚至政府之间进行的交易的信任。由于这些原因,需要一种提供机制以实现透明性,验证问责制和增加信任的技术。此外,请注意,由于需要信任收集的值来替换受信任的第三方[11],因此应实施附加的安全机制,尤其是在硬件级别[12]。
•与第三方公司交换的数据对于某些企业来说很关键,因此应加以保护和匿名化。 IIoT设备收集的数据也会发生同样的情况,这些数据应受到保护,并应保留给非授权方。
•许多工业公司还依赖于封闭源代码,这也增加了人们对信任的缺乏,因为它实际上对代码的工作方式并不透明。因此,为了提供信任和安全,必须培养开源方法。尽管如此,应该强调的是,开放源代码也可能遭受错误和漏洞利用,但由于它已被许多开发人员验证,因此不容易受到恶意修改。
•运营效率和增强的竞争力,以确保长期可持续性。区块链可以减少两个关键成本:验证和网络成本。前者与以廉价方式验证交易属性的能力有关,而后者与无需传统中间商的操作能力有关。

 

四、总结

工业4.0是通过使用某些最新技术来改变工厂运营方式的范例。其中一种技术是区块链,它已成功用于加密货币,并且可以通过添加安全性,信任,不变性,去中介化,去中心化和通过智能合约实现更高程度的自动化来增强工业4.0技术。
本文详细介绍了区块链可带给主要工业4.0技术的好处以及它们当前面临的挑战。在提供了一种通用方法论以确定使用区块链是否是实施工业4.0应用的适当选择之后,研究了每种工业4.0技术最相关的基于工业区块链的应用,以及它们的主要挑战。通过这种方式,该文章为未来的Industry 4.0应用程序开发人员提供了指南,以确定区块链如何增强下一代网络安全工业应用程序。

 

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Satellite maps have become an essential tool for various applications, including navigation, agriculture, urban planning, and disaster response. One of the critical challenges in using satellite maps is path planning, which involves finding the optimal path between two locations while considering various constraints such as terrain, obstacles, and weather conditions. Over the years, several path planning algorithms have been developed for satellite maps, and this literature review aims to provide an overview of the research in this field. One of the earliest and most popular path planning algorithms for satellite maps is Dijkstra's algorithm. This algorithm uses a graph-based approach to find the shortest path between two points while avoiding obstacles. However, Dijkstra's algorithm has limitations when dealing with large-scale maps or dynamic environments, and several variants have been proposed to overcome these limitations. For example, A* algorithm is an extension of Dijkstra's algorithm that uses heuristics to reduce the search space and improve efficiency. Another popular path planning algorithm for satellite maps is the Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm. RRT is a probabilistic algorithm that generates a tree of random samples and connects them to form a path. RRT has been shown to be effective in dealing with complex environments and non-holonomic constraints. However, RRT has limitations when dealing with dynamic obstacles or multi-objective optimization problems. In recent years, machine learning techniques have been applied to path planning for satellite maps. For example, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have been used to learn optimal paths in complex and dynamic environments. DRL algorithms use a combination of deep neural networks and reinforcement learning to learn policies that maximize a reward function. These algorithms have shown promising results in various applications, including autonomous navigation and robotics. Another recent development in path planning for satellite maps is the integration of satellite data with other data sources such as social media and sensor data. This integration allows for more accurate and real-time path planning, which is essential in disaster response and emergency situations. In conclusion, path planning for satellite maps is a challenging and evolving field, and several algorithms and techniques have been proposed over the years. While graph-based algorithms and RRT remain popular choices, machine learning techniques such as DRL have shown promising results. The integration of satellite data with other data sources is also a promising direction for future research.
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