ResNet
架构详细说明
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/79378841
面对梯度下降问题,我们考虑这样一个事实:现在你有一个浅层网络,你想通过向上堆积新层来建立深层网络,一个极端情况是这些增加的层什么也不学习,仅仅复制浅层网络的特征,即这样新层是恒等映射(Identity mapping)。在这种情况下,深层网络应该至少和浅层网络性能一样,也不应该出现退化现象。
ResNet 的核心思想是 引入一个恒等快捷连接(identity shortcut connection)的结构,直接跳过一个或多个层:
对于一个堆积层结构(几层堆积而成)当输入为 x 时其学习到的特征记为 H(x) ,现在我们希望其可以学习到残差 F(x)=H(x)-x ,这样其实原始的学习特征是 F(x)+x 。之所以这样是因为残差学习相比原始特征直接学习更容易。当残差为0时,此时堆积层仅仅做了恒等映射,至少网络性能不会下降,实际上残差不会为0,这也会使得堆积层在输入特征基础上学习到新的特征,从而拥有更好的性能。 H(x)=F(x)+x 实际是相同维度特征图的融合. 如果F(x)学习到了新特征就会融合起来. 而不是把维度堆叠起来
为什么残差网络更容易学习?
假如 残差单元可以表示为:
与 分别表示第l个残差单元的输入和输出,
则从浅层l 到深层 L的学习特征为:
利用链式法则,得到反向传播的梯度为:
小括号中的1表明短路机制可以无损地传播梯度,而另外一项残差梯度则需要经过带有weights的层,梯度不是直接传递过来的。残差梯度不会那么巧全为-1,而且就算其比较小,有1的存在也不会导致梯度消失。所以残差学习会更容易。
(三)残差网络单元
文章提出了两种残差结构:
残差结构
这种结构对应的是ResNet34,称为一个building block;
对应的pytorch 代码为:
def conv3x3(in_planes, out_planes, stride=1):
"""3x3 convolution with padding"""
return nn.Conv2d(in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride,
padding=1, bias=False)
def conv1x1(in_planes, out_planes, stride=1):
"""1x1 convolution"""
return nn.Conv2d(in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False)
class BasicBlock(nn.Module):
expansion = 1
def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None):
super(BasicBlock, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = conv3x3(inplanes, planes, stride)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.conv2 = conv3x3(planes, planes)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.downsample = downsample
self.stride = stride
def forward(self, x):
identity = x
##记住输入的值
out = self.conv1(x)
out = self.bn1(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv2(out)
out = self.bn2(out)
if self.downsample is not None:
identity = self.downsample(x)
#输出中加上恒等映射
out += identity
out = self.relu(out)
return out
第二种结构:
称为一个”bottleneck design,用于Resnet50,Resnet101,目的一目了然,就是为了降低参数的数目,第一个1x1的卷积把256维channel降到64维,然后在最后通过1x1卷积恢复,整体上用的参数数目:1x1x256x64 + 3x3x64x64 + 1x1x64x256 = 69632,而不使用bottleneck的话就是两个3x3x256的卷积,参数数目: 3x3x256x256x2 = 1179648,差了16.94倍。
class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
expansion = 4
def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None):
super(Bottleneck, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = conv1x1(inplanes, planes)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.conv2 = conv3x3(planes, planes, stride)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
self.conv3 = conv1x1(planes, planes * self.expansion)
self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes * self.expansion)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.downsample = downsample
self.stride = stride
def forward(self, x):
identity = x
out = self.conv1(x)
out = self.bn1(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv2(out)
out = self.bn2(out)
out = self.relu(out)
out = self.conv3(out)
out = self.bn3(out)
if self.downsample is not None:
identity = self.downsample(x)
out += identity
out = self.relu(out)
return out
完整用法:
class ResNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, block, layers, num_classes=1000, zero_init_residual=False):
super(ResNet, self).__init__()
self.inplanes = 64
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3,
bias=False)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(64)
self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)
self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, layers[0])
self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, layers[1], stride=2)
self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, layers[2], stride=2)
self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, layers[3], stride=2)
self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))
self.fc = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)
for m in self.modules():
if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')
elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1)
nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
# Zero-initialize the last BN in each residual branch,
# so that the residual branch starts with zeros, and each residual block behaves like an identity.
# This improves the model by 0.2~0.3% according to https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677
if zero_init_residual:
for m in self.modules():
if isinstance(m, Bottleneck):
nn.init.constant_(m.bn3.weight, 0)
elif isinstance(m, BasicBlock):
nn.init.constant_(m.bn2.weight, 0)
def _make_layer(self, block, planes, blocks, stride=1):
downsample = None
if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != planes * block.expansion:
downsample = nn.Sequential(
conv1x1(self.inplanes, planes * block.expansion, stride),
nn.BatchNorm2d(planes * block.expansion),
)
layers = []
layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample))
self.inplanes = planes * block.expansion
for _ in range(1, blocks):
layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes))
return nn.Sequential(*layers)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.bn1(x)
x = self.relu(x)
x = self.maxpool(x)
x = self.layer1(x)
x = self.layer2(x)
x = self.layer3(x)
x = self.layer4(x)
x = self.avgpool(x)
x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
x = self.fc(x)
return x
def resnet18(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-18 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(BasicBlock, [2, 2, 2, 2], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet18']))
return model
def resnet34(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-34 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(BasicBlock, [3, 4, 6, 3], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet34']))
return model
def resnet50(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-50 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet50']))
return model
def resnet101(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-101 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet101']))
return model
def resnet152(pretrained=False, **kwargs):
"""Constructs a ResNet-152 model.
Args:
pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
"""
model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 8, 36, 3], **kwargs)
if pretrained:
model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet152']))
return model
参考链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/35d8752a8b98